The Cause and Effects of the Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Cause and make of the spacious Depression EssayMany sight speculate that the stock grocery store crash of 1929 was the principal(prenominal) cause of The Great Depression. In fact, The Great Depression was caused by a series of factors, and the effects of the effect were felt for many a(prenominal) years after the stock market crash of 1929. By looking at the stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, reduction of purchasing, American sparing policy with Europe, and drought conditions, it becomes seeming(a) that The Great Depression was caused by more than just the stock market crash. The effects were detrimental beyond the financial crisis experienced during this time time period.The first and most obvious known factor in the stunnedgrowth of The Great Depression is the stock market crash of 1929. The Money Alert website states that, When the stock market crashed in 1929, it didnt happen on a single day. Instead, the stock market continued to plummet oer the course of a few days setting in motion one of the most devastating periods in the history of the United States (The Money Alert). Many investors would buy stocks on a margin where they would corrupt the stocks with borrowed money. This was a great option for buyers when the stock market was on the rise.However, when the stocks plummeted, the financial institutions that had loaned the money for the stock acquire went to collect the capital that had been loaned turn out and were inefficient to do so. This, in effect, caused banks to resort money as a result of macrocosm unable to collect on the debt, and the investors were unable to collect their losses. In addition to close investors, banks and vexationes were investing in margin loans as well. So, these poor investment strategies led the banking industry to lose the volume of their assets, including money from bank guests that had no knowledge that their money was being used for this purpose.Since no government regulations were in place to protect investors and banks in this circumstance, this ultimately led to the effect of the stock market crash, which paved the panache for America to go into The Great Depression. The banking industrys reaction to the stock market crash, would be the following(a) major cause of the Great Depression. The banking industry as a whole after the stock market crashed was going bankrupt due to not being able to carry the bad debt that was created from using customer money to buy stock.Because the banks were out of money, they were unable to backrest customer withdrawals from their bank, causing many bank customers to lose all of their savings. With the uncertainty of the future of the banking industry, many great deal withdrew all of their savings, which caused more than 9,000 banks to close their doors and go out of business (Kelly). Due to the effects of the Great Depression, and the collapse of the banking industry, the government created regulations to prevent sim ilar failure in the future.For Example, the SEC, (or Securities Exchange Commission), which regulates the sell and trade of stocks, bonds and other investments was created as a result of The Great Depression. The FDIC (or Federal puzzle Insurance Corporation), was created to insure bank accounts so that that the consumer would be protected if the bank were to go out of business (Kelly). The Great Depressions effect on the banking industry led to many useful changes to the banking industry and helped restore assumption in banks in the American people.The next major factor that contributed to the Great Depression was the reduction of goods being purchased during the time period. After the stock market crashed, consumers from all frugal classes in America were uncertain of the perceptual constancy of the economy, and stopped purchasing consumer goods. The effect of not purchasing goods caused many companies to begin to produce a surplus, or an excess of goods, which caused companie s to reduce their unneeded workforce (Kelly). Since so many people were out of work, they too were unable to purchase goods, and soon a domino effect was created and many companies went out of business.During this time period, many people purchased goods on payment plans, similar to the modern credit system we use today, and their inability to pay caused many companies to repossess the purchased goods. This caused companies to have additional inventory of products that contributed to the lack of need to manufacture additional products (Kelly). By this time, more than 25% of the workforce was now out of work, and due to the overproduction of goods and overstock of inventory, there werent full consumers to purchase these goods (Kelly).Another major contributing factor to The Great Depression was Americas economic policy with Europe. During the midst of the depression, the government decided to create the Smoot-Hawley Tariff to help protect American companies by taxationing import go ods from Europe. The government initially created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff to protect America by making contradictory agricultural goods more expensive than domestic products so that foreign goods would cost more than local enceinte goods(Kelly). Due to many revisions during the initial stages of the tax, many other American businesses were included in its protection.The effect of the tariff on trade with Europe caused unstable relations with European countries. Also, many of the European nations began to boycott goods exchange by American companies in an act of retaliation for the tariff (Kelly). Having this tariff in effect during the Great Depression caused a prolonged recovery in the American economy due to the decline in Europe purchasing consumer goods from America, in addition to the decline of domestic goods purchases. The final major contributing factor in the great depression was the massive drought that took place during the 1930s.Though the drought wasnt a direct caus e to the depression, it did, however, add to the turmoil that was taking place during this time period. The drought of the 1930s had a very drastic effect on many reigns of the United States which caused both economic and ecologic problems to the realm. The economic problems caused by the Great Depression were mostly concentrated in the Mississippi valley, where farmers were unable to pay the tax on the land and most were left no choice but to sell their farms for no profit. This caused a decline in agriculture goods available in America, due to the lack of farming during this time period (Kelly).The ecological effects of the drought, combined with the effects of over-farming the land, caused the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl was caused by over-farming the land and not correctly rotating the crops. By not rotating the crops correctly, the top soil became damaged. Because of the damages to the top soil, the land became infertile, and many people were forced to abandon their land or sell off their property. The timing of the drought, along with the effects that it had on the economy, forced the Great Depression further into turmoil and made recovery even more out of reach for the ground (Bonnifield).The stock market crash did, however, act as the match that lit the tin that was The Great Depression. Along with the stock market, the cause of the depression was also contributed to the banking industrys inability to cover losses sustained during the stock market crash. Also, the reduction of manufacturing and purchasing goods caused a toxic cycle of workers not being able to work, in turn not being able to consume goods, which further sank the country into financial hardship.With the tariffs in effect with Europe, the consumption of Americas goods by foreign nations greatly decreased, which caused the country to fall further behind in recovery of the economic turn-down. In addition to these circumstances, the timing of the drought that occurred in this time period ca used many of the farmers supporting our agriculture to fold, and created one of the largest man-made natural disasters in history. Careful of these factors shows that it took more than a crisis in the stock market to cause America to go into the superior economic slump ever experienced in the history of our country.

Computer Virus Essay Example for Free

Computer Virus leavenThe emergence of technological innovations such as the advent of computer and computer programs, also paved style for the birth of certain computer viruses that can disrupt software programs. These viruses infect a program and allow it to penetrate from one computer to the others (Viruses). As it transfers from one computer to another, it leaves complications or ailments that like human viruses, has varying degrees of severity. close to are merely designed to annoy the computer user while others can demean the holy computer hardware (Beal). Viruses may be categorized as a worm, Trojan or proficient a virus. A worm is quite similar to a virus, but unlike a virus that needs human intervention in order for it to spread, worms can spread on its own. It has the capacity to iterate itself and travel from one hardware to another through the transport features of the computers formation. Because of its replicating capacity it poses vilify as it can slow dow n the computer the moment it becomes multitude (Beal). A Trojan on the other hand does not replicate as viruses and worms do.They appear at first as just about legitimate program or file but the moment it is ran in the computer it can reach various damage. Sometimes they are made to annoy while other can seriously destroy the computer by deleting files or programs. It can also create backdoors that can give other users coming to the system that may give away personal or confidential information (Beal). Most of the time, these spiteful programs spread with human intervention. When viruses cling onto a file and was run in the computer, it automatically spreads in the system of that computer.Trojans spread in the same way, while worms replicate itself in the system, to another system and to another.Works CitedBeal, Vangie. 2007. The oddment Between a Computer Virus, Worm and Trojan Horse. Webopedia. 11 November, 2008 http//www. webopedia. com/DidYouKnow/Internet/2004/virus. asp. B rain, Marshall. n. d. How Computer Viruses Work. HowStuffWorks. 11 November 2008 http//computer. howstuffworks. com/virus2. htm. Viruses. n. d. Kasperskylab. 11 November 2008 http//www. kaspersky. com/virusinfo.

The theory of knowledge

The theory of cognitionIN EXPANDING THE FIELD OF KNOWLEDGE WE BUT INCREASE THE HORIZON OF IGNORANCE (HENRY MILLER). IS THIS TRUE?Knowledge is the antonym of ignorance. When we argon faced with two opposites, the general notion is that if cardinal extends the former(a) is bound to decrease. Take a pigment for modeling. The darker pigment you add to your paint, the less lighter it would desexualize.To s plunder this stance, we mustiness first understand the rendering of acquaintance and ignorance. However, friendship is too extensive to be defined in unmatched sentence and discussed in integrity essay. Therefore, I will be limiting my writing to few aras of cognition such as religion, language, acquisition and maths to enforce my evaluation. Henry Miller reprimands nigh the increase in the horizon of ignorance and I feel that horizon is the perfect word for describing ignorance. Karl Popper stated that, Our experience quarter only be finite, composition our ignoran ce must necessarily be infinite. I support his premise beca expenditure the scope for ignorance is as vast as that of acquaintance. As we obtain more(prenominal) than than acquaintance, we only find more fields that could be developed regular further, thereby, increasing our ignorance. Barring few exceptions, we seat connect this to almost all atomic number 18as of intimacy because, just want the horizon, as we get closer to it and we think that we feature strand the final answer, only to realize that, in reality, we are still far a fashion from the end point.A common opinion is that as we increase our association, we get less analphabetic because we catch out more. Citing environ cordial science, as we learn more rough global warming, we find out the detrimental effects of objects which we were un mindful of in the beginning, thereby, decreasing our ignorance on this issue. However, we realize that we are abstracted to so umpteen former(a) issues, which we never k newfangled about onward, only to discover that our field of horizon has increased.The more acquainted we get with religion, the more aloof we get to the prevailing norms in society. To gain religious fellowship one has to lose, till a certain extent, contact with the outside world. This is because if one actually has to follow one of these books diligently, he ought to compromise with the present customs of society. Looking at Hinduism, there are so m any traditions such as Sati that wipe out been abolished by society. Most religions stress the importance of simplicity and abbreviation from freelance(a) goods. The groovy sages and priests of the twenty-first century stay as far away from civilization as possible, to get away from the endureing crimes and seek solace in the isolated areas. The main reason for this is that these books befool been written so many years back that it is impractical for most of the people to follow most, if not all, traditions encrypted in these books. Hence, in gaining this familiarity one gets ignorant and becomes unaware of the scenario in the real world.Looking at a simple arithmetic problem since kindergarten we have learned that when one and one is added, the end result is two. However, as we study further on and learn about some other base theorems such as the secondary two theorem where one plus one is not two, it is ten. Only thus do we discover that we have so much more to learn about, like other base theorems and how we were ignorant about other base theorems apart from the base ten theorems used primarily in daily life. On study more theorems, we realize that there are so many fields that we have not flat looked at. Hence, arent we ignorant?Isaac Newton detect Calculus in the seventeenth century. Only after this discovery did we learn the signifi notifyce of this discovery in other fields such as science, engineering and even mathematics itself. Calculus en opend us to mathematically describe the dimens ions of the physical universe and lead to the discovery of Modern science. in one case the great scholars of the renaissance period understood the working of Calculus, it opened up doors to aspects of Mathematics and Science that were never even dreamt about before. The further development in these areas of knowledge facilitated us to expand our knowledge in computer science, business studies and engineering. On discovery of these congressly new fields of knowledge, we now understand the latent that lies in front of us to expand our knowledge even more, but this would only open up new areas that we would be ignorant to.As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more mysterious. This statement byAlbert Schweitzer is apt for nearly all areas of knowledge. As our knowledge increases we do understand so many new concepts and theories.Space has always been connected with mystery. The development in the field of outer space science has been tremendous. F orty years back, Man went to the moon for the first time. Since then, we have developed some astound space shuttles and rockets to boost the advance in the field of astronomy. But as we discover more about our Solar System, we only realize that we are ignorant to so many issues about further planets that we would never think about if our knowledge had not increased. Citing the example of the first space shuttle to land on Mars, when we barely had enough knowledge about the planet, we always thought process that life on Mars would be impossible and discounted life on any other planet, beside Earth, too. However, on more research and expeditions, Man found traces of water on Mars that could indicate the possibility of life in Mars. Thereby, increasing our field of knowledge has shed light on so many issues. We learn about so many new aspects as exemplified in the above examples that we only get more confused because of the enormity of knowledge or potential knowledge that could be a cquired available to us.Looking at the flipside, we must understand that even before acquiring more knowledge, we were still ignorant to all the possible developments that increased our horizon of ignorance. It is only that we were aware of what we are ignorant about, after gaining more knowledge. The only difference is that we now know that we are ignorant about these new fields we do not have any knowledge about.Human beings have constantly evolved from premature cavemen to sophisticated and complex men. The reason for this is the thirst for more knowledge as we only get more curious to learn more. Our curiosity has been the main motivating factor for us to collection our intellect and discover more. This drive to know everything pushes us to acquire more and more knowledge. The only way we can expand our current knowledge is by cognise more about those fields that we are aware about but are ignorant of. As we try to learn more about these topics, we ultimately reduce the ignor ance that increased when we first discovered about these subjects.Language is one area of knowledge that goes against Henry Millers opinion, particularly when we improve our vocabulary. As we stumble across new words, all we need to do is look up a dictionary to find the meaning of that word and we have acquired new knowledge without getting more ignorant. After finding out the meaning, we have gained knowledge about that word and our quest is over.Knowledge is the expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education. It is the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. Experience is a journey from the womb to the tomb. Hence, throughout our life we deliver on acquiring knowledge, it is a never-ending process. Analysing twain sides, I comply with John F Kennedy that, The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds. I feel that when we span across new areas or develop any existing theory or knowledge, we only find new paths tha t could lead to more developments. Only then do we realize that we are ignorant to so many subjects that we would have never come across before, if we had not increased our knowledge. We probably would never be ignorant of anything if we had not started our quest for knowledge because if we were unlettered we would not be ignorant to anything, we would probably not know the meaning of ignorance itself.BIBLIOGRAPHYanswers.yahoo.com/ incertitude/index?qid=20080404212819AAxaEPM 53k answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080517080546AAv8hzF 62k forums.philosophyforums.com/threads/expansion-of-knowledge-29878.html 35khttp//www.math.wright.edu/People/Richard_Mercer/Classes/Common /WhyCalculus.htmlhttp//www.thinkexist.comhttp//www.wikipedia.orgThe Theory Of KnowledgeThe Theory Of KnowledgeOption 3 Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while image embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and unders tand. (Albert Einstein) Do you agree?Alexandra AlbersEinsteins quotation is essentially a tautology, as it says the same thing twice. The statement defines, to a certain extent, both knowledge and desire in such a manner that the claim is true by definition, making imagination the more important of the two definitions.The claim can be seen as logical as it defines both issues knowledge as being limited to all we now know and understand and imagination as embracing the entire world. Although both definitions can be seen as true as they are logical, does it conduct the statement true? And more importantly, does it make imagination more important than knowledge?The statement speaks of the relative importance of knowledge and imagination, raising the question whether imagination is more important than knowledge. In order to embrace the issue effectively, we need to understand the issue of importance. Importance can be defined as something of great significance or valueCITATION Alb29 l 7177, something that should be noted and paid attention to. This definition suggests that knowledge is more important than imagination as knowledge is reality. Everything we know and see as reality which to us has been confirmed through knowledge.Imagination can be defined as the formation of a mental image of something that is neither perceived as real nor present to the feelsCITATION Alb29 l 7177this suggests that imagination is an extension of knowledge rather than a replacement thereof. Knowledge is defined as The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered or learned.CITATION Alb29 l 7177 thereof knowledge cannot exist without the necessary information and data that needs to be processed in order to acquire this knowledge in questioning its validity, truth and reliability.Einsteins profuse credit starts as follows I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imaginationCITATION Alb29 l 7177this suggests that he was not saying that imagination is always of great er importance but rather that it played a vital manipulation in his life as Einstein was a creative person this is emphasized by the fact that he says I a lot think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music.CITATION Alb29 l 7177This also shows the importance he sees in imagination and much of his work is probably reflected by his love for music.Imagination plays a large function in the thought process, as we perceive things with perception and thence the use of our senses. We then remember this thought in our minds and can then re- hypothesize this perception when we require the knowledge associated with the sense. Once we have this base of knowledge, we can then apply creative imagination to the original thought or prior perception for example when imagining an image of a flower for which you have acquired the knowledge of how it looks, only afterwards can one use creative imagination to add to this initial image when painting a picture or somethin g sympathetic and then use imagination to change the way it is seen in reality. Hence imagination can be used as an extension to knowledge. This suggests that knowledge is a base for imagination as imagination often stems from knowledge. For example, fairy tales and other fictional stories are as a result of the authors imagination. The imagination which originated from the authors basis for knowledge- their sense of perception. After the writer has acquired the base of the story, a firm grasp of language to communicate the imagination and other knowledge issues are required, without which the story would not exist. Many of these stories were also written with an underlying purpose or message. For example in little red riding hood the moral lesson of the story is not to talk to strangers and to be careful who you trust. Suggesting that this way of knowing provides the basis for the story. Ethics are an area of knowledge which In the case of fairy tales are described using emotion and language as these stories are knowing to relate to the reader.In order to write this story effectively, the author needs to have an understanding and knowledge of moral issues that he plans to address with his childrens book. Generally speaking, in order to have moral and ethical values, one needs knowledge of what is right or wrong. Although this is subjective knowledge and people therefore have disparate moral and ethical views, this is still an area of knowledge and something that one is taught as a child and can therefore be considered knowledge. These underlying messages can also be linked to emotion, as the writer must have felt strongly about this theme or message and this is a way of knowing and because he has emotions regarding the issue, it can be considered a form of knowledge.According to Einstein, the use of creative imagination to set aside existing scientific theories when they become outdated and fail to cover known knowledge, imagination plays a role as it ta kes this base of knowledge and can improve upon it. Einstein is a conceptual physicist and therefore comes up with new scientific concepts using imagination and then develops it using knowledge. For example Einstein noticed the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his theory of relativity was a result of his attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with those of the electromagnetic field. relations with statistical mechanics and problems merged with quantum theory, leading to Einsteins Brownian motion theory. Einstein would have not have been able to do without his prior knowledge and areas of knowledge, including science, maths and history of the atomic structure and the knowledge he gained from scientists before him. This suggests like in the case of Einstein, imagination requires a basis of knowledge, without which this imagination would be useless. Knowledge can be seen as a basis for imagination. Thus there are still certain cases in which imagination exists without forme r knowledge, for example Einsteins theory of the relativity of time. Which suggests that time is relative and that time seems to go hurrying when one is doing something enjoyable than it does when one is simply waiting for time to pass. Einstein established this theory using his imagination. This shows that although there are only few such examples, there are still counterclaims to the argument that knowledge is more important than imagination.Imagination might be part of knowledge, and vice versa, thereby suggesting that these terms are not separate, in which case, knowledge is not everything we now know. We acquire knowledge through the ways of knowing, which entangle emotion, reason, perception and language. For example, subjective knowledge is involved in emotion, as well as in imagination, therefore because everybody interprets an issue in their own way, knowledge cannot be limited to all we now know. Even Einsteins definition of imagination includes the word know suggesting that imagination is a part of knowledge.Although imagination is in fact more flexible than knowledge, this does not make it of greater importance. For example, someone who is blind from birth and has never seen what we perceive as reality will not be able to imagine something that is normal for someone with perfect sight. This emphasises that knowledge is gained through perception and in this case sight, because we have this knowledge, it is easy for us to imagine an image that we have seen before. As the blind person would never have seen this image, they cannot imagine it. Therefore without this knowledge, imagination is of little importance. Thus a blind person Might imagine things differently as a person with full sight suggesting that they might even have a broader imagination as theirs is not limited to imperial knowledge, for example there are several extremely talented blind artists who make use of their heightened senses other than sight to produce an image of their imagin ation without the knowledge from sight. This shows that to a certain extent imagination can also be transformed into reality.As explored throughout they essay it seems that although imagination and knowledge go playscript in hand in most cases, imagination cannot exist without knowledge whereas knowledge can exist without imagination. Especially in the past where imagination was less important. Such as in kinsfolks where the main bearing was to sustain life by looking for food , as they did not have the necessary scientific apparatus, to investigate whether or not it was edible, people could only find out by eating the unheard-of plants and observing the effects on the people of the tribe. The tribes also observed the food that other animals in their purlieu ate and could then using logic derive that they could probably also eat the same plants. From these experiments and observations, the tribe people gained purely knowledge as they learned whether or not this plant can be eat en in the future.In conclusion, I do not agree with the Albert Einstein quote as i find knowledge to be more important than imagination because in essence, as explored throughout the essay, imagination, remote knowledge does not necessarily define or create an image of reality, but is rather an aspiration. Something that we imagine to be true rather than something that is true in reality. Knowledge on the other hand, is something true. Some halt of reality that we can accept to be true. Suggesting that reality is of greater importance than the ideal, which is imagination. Thus as shown throughout the essay, there are limitations and counter claims to both opinions of the relative importance of knowledge and imagination. This shows that they are essentially related.