Controversies as a Result of the Alien and Sedition Acts Essay Example for Free

Controversies as a Result of the Alien and insubordination Acts EssayIn the tardily 1700s and into the early 1800s, large controversies over the Alien and the Sedition Acts, containing four fliers, took place. Some of the controversies included immigration, slander and libel of the government, and states rights. While the controversy set the stage for Jeffersons election, it also left some in tense and unsettlight-emitting diode states. The Alien and Sedition Acts brought many disagreements upon the states. The Acts had two bills that seemed to stand out most among the government. The second bill of the Alien and Sedition Acts gave the President power to deport all such aliens as he shall judge dangerous to the peace and safety of the United Stats. fitting before the Acts were created, President George Washington wrote to the Vice-President John Adams in 1794 of his believe that immigrants brought with them not only their language, but their habits and formal morals too. Lat er, he goes on to say, that this is not specially a bad thing because as time goes on, as generations grow, all people will become one.Just before that though, in 1785, Thomas Jefferson had do close to the same note, but a bit different. He believed it would be a miracle for the morals and beliefs of the immigrants to halt in changing at the exact smear of liberty. He believed that infusing the aliens into our United States would create a heterogeneous, incoherent, distracted mass. Altogether, immigration was an extremely controversial topic.Each person had their own printing, especially the rising parties who seemed to almost recognise the nation more. While the Acts had allowed the President this power, it also prohibited the slander of libel of the President or any other part of the government. It seems to almost be a coincidence. After this was passed, Federalist prosecutors arrested more than twenty Republican newspaper editors and politicians. The Federalists had accused them of sedition, and convicted and jailed a number of them.Many believed that this part of the Sedition Act was against the First Amendment that forbade the abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. As a matter of fact, the Republicans actually tried to charge the Sedition Act as a violation of the First Amendment, although it did not supplication to the Supreme Court. This was because the Court was not sure how to review the case considering the board was made up of mostly Federalists. Jefferson sent a letter to Francis Hopkinson of Pennsylvania change up a rumor that he was a Federalist.He states that he never submitted the whole system of (his) opinions to the creed of any party of men some(prenominal) in religion, in philosophy, in politics, or in anything else where I was capable of thinking for myself. Last, but definitely not least, was the issue of whether or not the states had a right to judge the Constitution. After the Republicans tried to charge the Sedit ion Acts as a violation against the Constitution, Madison and Jefferson looked to the state legislature which led to their declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts to be unauthoritative, void, and of no force. This resolution set forth a states rights interpretation of the Constitution, asserting that the states had a right to judge the legitimacy of national laws.Albert Gallatin, a Democratic-Republican example from Pennsylvania, made a speech in the House of Representatives on the proposed Sedition Act wherein he stated, The only evidences brought by the supporters of this bill consist of writings expressing an opinion that certain measures of government have been dictated by an unwise policy, or by improper motives, and that some of them are unconstitutional. The Alien and Sedition Acts caused many controversies. The controversies led to many letters and arguments with the government. With this being said, the major problems seem to have been the topics of immigration, slander and libel of the government, and states rights. Although, after these controversies developed over the Acts, the Acts were then rethought. It is often wondered, even now, wherefore the Alien and Sedition Acts were ever passed in the first place.

China and Russian Mongol FRQ Essay Example for Free

mainland China and Russian Mongol FRQ EssayThe Mongolian rule had a very direct impact and influence in China and Russia in terms of political and economical structure. Although the Mongols were not as evident in the prospering Horde region, they still impacted Russia just as much as they did in the yuan district in China. In both China and Russia, the Mongols go away their mark by placing high taxes on peasants, taking full control over trade through the Silk Road, and change magnitude international diplomacy through miscellaneous methods, creating Pax Mongolica. Although Mongolian rule fell long ago, its influence can still be seen today. In Russia and China, the Mongol era brought a change in political power. The Khans, or Great Leaders, ruled both places, although not equally.China was directly ruled by the Mongols, seeing that China hosted them in the Yuan province, while Russia was given a sense of self rule. The Mongols still claimed taxes and sought goods from Russi a, but did not actually occupy it as they did in China. The lack of tenancy in Russia eventually led to the downfall of the Mongol rule there seeing that there was no opposing force to govern them, thus putting power back to the Russians, and creating what we know Russia as today. Not only was the political aspect of China and Russia influenced, but the economy was influenced as well. The conquests of Kublai Khan and his successors joined the eastern world with the Western world by the use of the Silk Road, which served as a trade route.The Silk Road connected trade centers spanning across Asia and Europe reaching from the well-disposed Horde to the Yuan province. The trade route, while under strict protection of the Mongols, increased Eurasian trade of goods, beliefs, and disease. The Silk Road spread silk, porcelain, and gun powder from China as well as Buddhism, and the plague. The goods that came and went through the trade route were taxed heavily along with the peasants that resided in each region. The high taxes served as income for the Mongols to use towards warfare, necessities, and indulgences.The Silk Road, by legal transfer in and sending out new ideas and goods, spread international diplomacy. In the case of China, the Silk Road brought in ambassadors from the Middle East amongst other regions, thereby increasing and instilling a sense of Pax Mongolica. In conclusion, the Mongols influence on China and Russia shaped them into what they are today.The Mongols achieved their greatness by taxing the poor in order to support their army, making the Silk Road their own, and accumulating international diplomacy and instilling Pax Mongolica.

Analysis of organization British airways

Analysis of make-up British air government agencysThe details more than or less the transcription overview and organization process of the British airways. offset it look at the community profile and history of the organization including organization chart to give overview of the organization it focus on the organization process standardized (1) convinces inside the organization (2) organisational culture (3) Recruitment, Training, Job placement and promotion insurance. How these process ar related and affected to from each one other. Finally, it will give recommendations for the organizations to carry with organizational process in future.Company profileBritish Airways is the UKs largest international scheduled airways, which provides international domestic service for cargo and cargo. British airways which argon most compromise 150 destinations in 75 countries. It includes Asia, Africa, North and Eastern Europe (plus the Eastern Mediterrean), Western Europe, North Ameri ca, Central and Latin America (plus Sweden). The head sop up of the British airways is located in London. Gatwick airport and London Heathrow airport is the main hubs for British airways. British airways had more than 280 aircrafts, which is mainly for boeing jets and Airbus and it has more than 40,000 employees to work for a company (Hoovers 2006).Organizational chartThe structure of the organization is fat type because it has one take of hierarchy that separates the dealors at top from bottom line employees. (Buchanan D. Huczynski A., 2004). Mr. Willaiam and M. Walsh is the head of the company, short he ar working as a chief exe archive. The British airways organization de areaments are includes mean, Engineering, Flight operation, Investment and Alliances, IT, Law, Finance, HR, Ground operations.History of British airwaysBritish airways and imperial airline are merged together at the beginning of Second World War. The two airlines formed new subsidy companies. This is Brit ish oversea Airways Corporation (BOAC) to operate short haul service in Europe (Papadogiannis, 2006). In 1980 British airways ran in the monetary problems and Sir John King (CEO) was appointed to dole out privatization and it was succeeded in 1987. (Datamonitor 2005).Objectives of British airwaysLike all the business one of their first main objectives was to maximizing profits. However after September 11th they had to trade their aspiration to having an increasingly in security and they needed to keep their customers safe.Objectives to increase profit by the end of the tax year 2009A British airway is planning to increase profit by the end of the tax year 2009 than the last year profit. The last year profit was 694 million. Annual reports of 2006/2007 shows that they had 148.3 million customers are inside the UK. They need to monitor regularly the customers amount that they fly with them. Perhaps giving such(prenominal) as offerings on certain flights to increase their promotion s.Changes within the organizationsThe operators of the organizational mixture can be categorized into two factors. (1) External trigger and (2) Internal trigger. The first factor External trigger is innovations of competitors, requirements, and changes in customers, government policies and legislations. The second factor is Internal trigger it includes appointment of a new senior manager, new product and service design innovations, new ideas about how to deliver services to customers. (Buchanan D. Huczynski A., 2004). By the outdoor(a) and interior trigger have impacts on British airways, the company is responded by initiating privatization course of study to change ownership from government to private sector. According to Lewins change, changes within the organizations will occur in 3 stages. The first stage is unfreezing. The second stage is Movement to develop new behavior. And the third stage is Refreezing which is stabilizing change at the new level (Mullins, J., L., 1999 )Human Resource Management policies in world airline industryFor the past 15 years there has been undergoing the search on the human resource policies and competencies differentiating the business functioning. Companies are looking for the ways to gain a competitive advantages and the implication of human resource policy choices for companies performance is certainly to the key factor recently researches of the business strategy turned their attention into international attributes of the top companies looking at the industry is likely to train and the way how that the evolution can be exploited to earn a profit. The greater and the extent to which of these assumptions and hypothesis are reflects accurately. The international airline and hypothesis is soon following with the similar trends.HRM policies in British airwaysHuman resource focal point policies are followed by the British airways in 1980s before and after privatization by the British government. When the British airwa ys are in public ownership it had been unprofitable in the financial year of 1981/82 and it suffered in a severe financial loss.Following the merchandise research showing that the airlines passengers were dissatisfied with its service. In 1982 British airways launched on extensive campaign called putting people first for all of 12000 staffs who had direct contact with customers. Up to 150 staffs at a time from baggage handlers to engineers and pilots took a part in servicing customers and later the campaign were extended so that eventually all of British airways staffs attended one of the events. Customers first teams were set up to look at the ways to improving customer service. Memberships of the team cuts crossways to the organizational boundaries with staff from different sections are working together for the ten years later 75 of the teams were still actively working.On 1990s British airways had come to focus on key performance indicators as a principle tool for managing staf f. These were six such indicators for its managers leaderships, communication business competence, managing performance, valuing others and customer focus. These are the basis of decisions about the manager selection pay and performance management.Further market research shows that the customers satisfaction with the quality of British airways service has increased. Since British airways locomote to spectacular profit from financial loss over the period when these initiatives took place (in 1995 February recorded profits reported of 443 million with total passenger of 23.7 million, and it had 65600 staffs are early(a) 2000). The human resource initiation of its financial success has been partly attributed. However it should be noted that some of the problems are lingered. In common with all the airlines are operating to the transatlantic routes of the attack on the world trade center in September 2001. Despite in Human resource management initiatives of a staff survey in 1992 show s that the staff rates British airways poorly as the employer for sustaining a work environment that attracts develops committed employees and retains. British airways also bewildered a damaging strike following an attempt to impose a new pay deal on its staff without negotiation in the middle of 1997.British airways Raises Retirement AgeOn 24th march 2006, British airways change its New Aircrafts Pension Scheme (NAPS). For the recent joiners, including chief executive Willie Walsh who join in 2005 May, British airways Retirement Plan (BARP) has been available. The New Airways Pension Scheme (NAPS) has 33,794 active members, 15,185 pensions and 20,269 deferred. There is no increase in staff contribution determine for the final salary pension scheme in British airways earned. But, there will be the changes under the new proposals to members benefits relating to future service.Key changes to future services areFor cabin crew members normal retirement age raised from 55 to 60 years initially.For pilots normal retirement age raises from 55 to 60-65 years. such(prenominal) countries like USA and France remove the restriction on older pilots overflying them.Pensionable pay increases not more than the inflation.On retirement capped pension increases any year at 2.5 percent.Chief executive Mr. Willie Walsh said, this is the solution that will provide for the future affordable pensions.The airline will make a payment of cholecalciferol million into fund after the changes accepted. The company will have paid towards the past deficit by December 2006 on top of the 350 million.Mr. Walsh added The future benefits are changes to members will reduce the anticipated deficit by the 480 million. And also they may able to make contributions for future service can afford.British airways cut management jobsOn 30th November 2005- British airways announced plans to re-structure the business on March 2008 by cut 35% (357).This includesReduction of 50% from 414 jobs to 207 o n senior managers.And step-down of 30% from 1,301 to 911 on middle level management jobs.British airways chief executive Willie Walsh said that when we reported our second quarter financial results last calendar calendar month that our costs were needed to re-energies our efforts to deliver a competitive cost base.The management job reductions are intended to reduce British airways costs by 50 million as part of its 300 million to cost reduction design on 2007 march.The number of senior manager reduction will be phased23% (94) of top executives left the business on 31st March 2006.After the next two years more jobs go with the 50% localize to achieve on 2008 March.On March 2006 30% reduction in middle manager should be developed and communicated.British airways are going to cut jobs for cabin crew and introduce two year freeze pay. British airways were lost 401 million last year and they announce earlier last month that they would need to cut 2,000 full time jobs. During the r ecession the British airways instead press ahead with plans to recruit news staffs on different terms and conditions to the accredited employees in an attempt to save costs.On 25th June 2009, British airways announced almost 7,000 British airways staffs has volunteered to take unpaid leave, voluntary pay or part time working cuts as part of companys plans to cut costs. British airways chief executive Willie Walsh said, It is a fantastic first response. I want to thank everyone who has volunteered to servicing us to pull through this difficult period. Walsh himself has hold to not to take salary during the July month.The latest news of the British airways is British airways staffs are unwillingly agreed to work in new schedules with reduced staffed pending. British airways are presently battle with the unions over changes to jabs and pay. They want to cut cabin crew staffs on long-haul flights from 15 to 14, this changes imposed from 16th of November.Privatization in British airwa ysA British airway has a change within its organization which is privatization project in 1980s. The company face the financial problem at that time. The long term debt which is more than 1 billion, and the British government not willing to give public money to sweep out companys debt because of the criticism fear. Then for these reasons British airways decided to make changes within the organization. (Shibata, K., 1993). This privatization made the British airways to change many things in the organization such as mission statement, collective culture, and organizational structure and so on.Retirement, Training, Job placement, Promotion policyBritish airways were considered to be bureaucratic, awkward, inefficient and large in the past. According to privatization, it changed corporate culture from militaristic and bureaucratic to market-driven and service oriented which it made the company to effective in the airline industry. (Poole, R., 1988). These changes which are also invo lve in HR policy as following.Recruitment, job placement policyRecruitment and job placement policy are involved in Refreezing stage to Lewins model. According to the stage, British airways have to stabilize the changes and make the behavioral pattern in the organization. British airways needed improve and redesign the enlisting policy and the process in hostelry to increase the new employees who is able to share organizational new value system and management style. (Goodstein., D., L., Burke, W., W., 1991). To achieving these objectives, British airways changed the job placement policy and recruitment which is back up by the diversity concept and equity to identify the right candidates to fit in a new system.Employee recruitment scheme and processIn recruitment and job placement policy, British airways developed recruitment methodology it is looking at the competencies including skills, knowledge and behavior using these competency based interviews made British airways to ensure those candidates will be in success in their jobs and they will fit in to the new organizational system. Selecting right people to work in business field, British airways needs to focus on strong leadership qualities, high motivation, team working skills, passion for customer service and so on (British airways 2006). There for, British airways developed assessment methods in job placement and recruitment process for senior level positions and new entry-level such as the interviews, presentations, character reference play, group exercises, fact finding psychometric tests (British airways 2006).Training and promotion policyPrivatization transformed British airways to more service airline industry that emphasize on servicing customer. According to unfreezing stage, British airways had stop to introduce new behavior and present pattern and culture of employees. So British airways launched new training program is putting people first for the bottom line employees. And for management-l evel-employees British airways has introduced a training program Managing people first (Goodstein., D., L., Burke., W., W., 1991).Putting people first programAccording to corporate goal British airways wanted to be The worlds favorite airline in airline industries. At the time of privatization British airways changed them self to be marker-led company rather than a process-driven company as it had in the past. Putting people first training program is aim to create employees awareness of competition, market place, and to educate employee to know the awareness of team work. As a result of this training program make the organization to reach goal in exhibition to be best and most successful company in the airline industry (Street, M., 1994).Managing people first programIn the second stage of changes in British airways, they needed to bring vision of top management into his employee. For the management level of employees they were implemented during this stage was the special training program Managing people first. The faculty of the special training program includes support team, training, active senior management participation, multi source feedback and linked performance appraisal system. After participating the management level training program made British airways to have a new leadership to focus on servicing customer and this key factors in ruin customer retention and it increase more revenue (Tosti, T., D. Jackson, F., S., 2006).Employee promotion policyBritish airways changed to private company successfully in 1987, because of one factor that alleviated changes in organization which is Employee promotion policy. British airways used promotion policy to top management levels to promote employee who was the role model of the new British airways values in higher level. This strategy was used to promote employees in top management levels to value in organization. (Goodstein., D., L. Burke, W., W., 1991).Organizational cultureOrganizational culture is t o consider each organization to how the things are doing around here because each and every organization has different values, belief and different culture. But we can easily explain about the organization culture is the collections of traditions, attitudes, policies, beliefs and values. (Mullins, 1999).Culture changes in British airwaysFor the organization culture is very important for setting creating tradition and organizations internal and external environments are change, an organization must adapt its present culture and in the order to survive the industry (Salama, A. Easterby-Smith, M., 1994).RecommendationsIt is not easy for any organization it is a general acceptance to make changes into structure and systems. Sometimes leads to have a resistance from its employees to make any changes in the organization. There are four reasons of resistance to organization change from employee including 1) Misunderstanding and lack of trust, 2) Low tolerance for change, 3) Contradictory assessments, 4) Parochial self-interest. (Buchanan D. Huczynski A., 2004). British airways try to change behavior both in organizational level and individuals, such as changing the management style from participative and authoritative. Sometimes new behavior or pattern makes employees to unfamiliar and awkward that it can make them to slip and extinguish back to the comfortable pattern instead. British airways needed to have more participation in the management decision but it difficult decision arises it may not be possible to get it difficult decision arises it may not be possible to get a consensus decision. (Goodstein., D., L. Burke, W., W., 1991).In the British airways history, British airways used tactics to manage resistance and conflicts mostly were HR policy such as training policy. The effective tool to educate employee is HR policy and convenience them to comply with new system. For example, to many new competitors emerged to overcome during 1990s with incumbents in th e airline industry such as Easyjet and Ryanair. The CEOs of British airways declared the organization may need the second revolution. British airways tied with American airlines by sourcing new alliance to reducing labor cost in both nubble staff and non-core staff by recruiting newly hired employees on lower pay to replace the existing staffs, and restructuring payment system. And some of the employees felt that is unsecured and raw on their jobs. (Wilkinson, A. Grugulis, I., 2002).Many of the organizations including British airways desire to make the changes in their organization when problem arise and they make changes successfully in the less conflict way and harmless. In the past, British airways used often HR tool such as recruitment, training policy and manpower planning to reduce assistance and facilitate changes in organization. Another way to changes in organization is change agent the change agent is a person who leads the project change by planning, researching and c onstruct business support. (Bhardwaj, M., 2003). Change agent is an external consultant that the organization hires her/him to take the responsibilities for a specific project. (Buchanan D, Huczynski A., 2004). But the internal consultants have narrow view and more bias. The external agent is another way to handle the project change effectively.ConclusionA British airway has a long history regarding the organizational changes in the worlds leading airline industry. British airways adapt itself such as value, belief, corporate culture and company mission to improve the organizations performance because of external and internal pressure. HR policy is the most popular tool to handle and facilitate changes and resistance in the organizational. A British airway is successful in privatization in 1987 but during that time there was a strike occurred, which gave an expensive lesson to British airways in 1990s. Finally, organization to facilitate changes is to use change agent which is bett er to external consultants better than the internal consultants.

Should obese people pay more for medical treatment

Should grave people behave more(prenominal) for medical kickshawment fleshiness is an incredibly expensive disease, both for the patients and the hospitals. Aside from being a disease which is associated with many further complications and problems, which themselves lead to an increased bell, this disease also requires costly medication and specialised equipment for diagnosis and treatment. This results in a condition which has turn up extremely costly to nearly all parties involved. It has been reported that 47 million was spent purely on anti- fleshiness drugs in the fiscal year of 06 to 07.1 This figure, coupled with the point that the prevalence of adult obesity in the U.K. is above 20 per cent and set to rise10, signifies the incredible cost associated with this disease and, in turn, highlights the growing problem of obesity on a social and economic scale. Its a problem that understructuret be ignored, and throughout the course of this paper I will attempt to iron out a nd evaluate both sides of the argument Should obese people even up more for medical treatment?, in prescribe to find a resolution.First, before jumping in to the crux of the fountainhead, it is imperative to establish the importance of the NHS as well as its core principles, in order to allow a fully in-depth psychoanalysis of the head word at hand. The NHS, which is the primary healthc atomic number 18 provider in Great Britain, was set up in 1948 with one of its key principles being the health benefit will be available to all and financed entirely from taxation, which means that people pay into it according to their means.2 It is important to stress the intelligence information all in the sentence. This word refers to the estate as a whole, regardless of their medical condition. The importance of the NHS clearly butt jointt be stated enough, a nation replete(p) health service which aims to treat all without directly taking money from the patients, is vital to maintaining the infrastructure of the country. It would seem then that the very nature of this question would debate the core principles established in the set-up of the NHS, however in the recent light of the current economic smirch and plain proposed budget cuts3, the question raised could one day become a reality.It is important to first define and explain obesity ahead of tackling the ethical dilemma which is the title of this paper. One definition would but be too some(prenominal) be fat on an individual, while this is somewhat entire, it is also incredibly basic and not at all scientific. The BMI ( torso mass index) measurement is one of the nigh straightforward and useful techniques to establish the condition of obesity. The BMI is calculated by correlating a relationship surrounded by the height and weight of an individual, it is used by many organisations more or less the world such as WHO and NHS. The formula for calculating the BMI isThe results gained from the BMI quite a little be classified in table 1 in order to specify the special(prenominal) weight class of an individual.ClassificationBMI (kg/m2)Principal cut-off pointsAdditional cut-off pointsUnderweightSevere thinnessModerate thinness16.00 16.9916.00 16.99Mild thinness17.00 18.4917.00 18.49Normal direct18.50 24.9918.50 22.9923.00 24.99 weighty25.0025.00Pre-obese25.00 29.9925.00 27.4927.50 29.99Obese30.0030.00Obese class I30.00 34.9930.00 32.4932.50 34.99Obese class II35.00 39.9935.00 37.4937.50 39.99Obese class III40.0040.00Table 1. adapted from WHO turn the use of the body mass index to calculate a persons weight class is used worldwide it has a fair number of shortcomings and flaws. For instance, this table of classification for BMI is not sexual activity specific, so it is applied the same for both males and females equally, as well as this, it also doesnt account for weight distribution in individuals nor is it possible to consider study or muscle mass, both of which be heavier than fat. These problems will hold more significance later in this essay while discussing how obesity should be defined.Obesity is scored by a variety of different factors. These include genetic susceptibility, socio-environmental factors, malfunctioning appetite regulation or may also be a cause of new(prenominal) diseases, such as Cushings syndrome.7 dapple it was previously thought that obesity was caused by a lack of willpower or a lifestyle choice, more recent studies have discovered that obesity is a chronic disease, involving a number of different biochemical and metabolic processes comp ard to individuals who bent obese.8As stated previously, obesity is conjugated to many more serious health conditions and illnesses. Examples of these include diabetes mellitus, increased cholesterol, coronary mall disease and hypertension amongst many others.7 It is important to discuss the seriousness of these resulting conditions in order to fully comprehend the fatality of obesity. Diabetes mellitus (otherwise known as slip II diabetes) is a serious condition which occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not properly react to the insulin produced. This condition is said to affect approximately 2 million people across England and Wales, supposedly with a further 750, 000 unaw ar that they have this condition.4 Type II diabetes can also lead to kidney disease, nerve damage or even strokes. Coronary heart disease is another serious condition which can be caused because of obesity, which affects almost 300, 000 people a year in the U.K.11 on that point are multiple actions that can be taken in an attempt to treat or cure obesity. These include dietary therapy in order to regulate the number of calories taken in by an individual, and to maintain that over a long-term period. Other methods which may be used in conjunction with this may be increased exercise, to seize with teeth off calories, weight loss surgery, suc h as gastric band surgery or possibly drug therapy, which is often used as a last resort. It should be noted that not one of these methods are able to fully treat obesity alone, instead they must be used in unison depending on the severity of the disease and also the individuals diagnosed with them.It apparent that obesity is an incredibly complicated disease in terms of the causes, secondary factors and treatments, all of which conduct towards a confusion regarding the nature of obesity in the minds of the public as well as upping the cost delinquent its many treatment techniques, none of which can be considered 100 per cent effective. This encompasses all of the aspects of the disease, which is often described as an epidemic, as its a growing upkeep, and the economic burden attached is sure to prolong strong opinions regarding the question of this paper.Now that the importance of the health care system has been established and the medical significance of obesity has been recog nised, the essay question itself can be discussed. The initial views on this topic are polarising, with some instantly believing that the obese should pay more for the disease that theyve inflicted upon themselves, believing that it is unfair that the rest of the nation should pay the cost. Others imagine that they shouldnt pay the financial cost, stating that the NHS was set up to help all, despite whether or not their condition is self caused. The argument can even be pushed further, extrapolating that smokers, whoop it upers and even athletes would also have to pay for the medical costs for their diseases or injuries, because, by that same logic, these conditions are also self inflicted. Although there are for certain some truths to be had in these two contrasting opinions, the two sides of the argument will be investigated and examined on the grounds of ethicality, societal and fairness in an attempt to scram about some form of a resolve on this controversial topic.One of th e primary factors for the argument for obese people having to finance the treatment of their medical condition is that the disease they are burdened with is self inflicted, which is to say that they literally brought it on themselves, so should then have to deal with the consequences. While there is some validity in this argument, it isnt quite as black and white as it may initially sound, with many further complexities set to arise. Those that oppose this argument, are likely to call discrimination, as this ideology that separates a certain type of people from the rest and forces them pay more, which is highly unjust. Also, by this same reasoning, and in the issue of fairness, other patients with self inflicted disease should also have to pay more for conditions and illnesses which they have brought upon themselves. Such conditions would include lung cancer for smokers, liver disease for those who drink as well as injuries to sports players and athletes, as these are all, to some degree, self inflicted.A counter point to this counter point would be that smokers and drinkers already pay more through an increased tax for the drugs (i.e. cigarettes and alcohol) which lead to the individual diseases, so an alternative, or possibly in addition, to forcing obesity patients to have to pay for medical treatments would be to raise the tax on foods with an increased calorie count. This may also be used to deter away from choosing these pro-inflammatory foods as well as generate income from those who cost the NHS so much money in its treatment for obesity. However, this would result that members in the public that fall in to the normal weight range would also have to pay the increased tax for these same foods, if they choose to occasionally indulge. This, at first glance, seems like a fair compromise, as smokers who dont cost the NHS with treatment for smoking related disease still have to pay the tax on cigarettes, however, the idea comes full circle that people who arent obese are still having to pay lifestyles of the obese, indirect as it may be, which is one of the main points evoking the question at hand.There is evidence to suggest that those who are obese are also more likely to be in lower paid jobs, and as such, have less expendable income. This may be because those with lower income are more likely to live in poorer areas and where healthier, more nutritious foods arent as readily available or outside of their budget. This may also be due to a discrimination present against people who are obese and overweight. Employers may be more likely to hire those who arent overweight as they see their might to resist overeating or staying in shape as a good quality in what Acs, Lyles and Stanton (2007) describe as a willingness to delay gratification. whatever the reason may be for the correlation between being overweight and having lower income, the fact remains that the lack of capital possessed by the obese population would prove to be incre dibly troublesome if obese people were to finance their medical treatment in this manner. The case for increasing the tax of unhealthy foods may be less applicable as it may push both healthy foods and unhealthy foods out of reach for poorer and obese population financially. To smite this, healthier foods have to be made cheaper and more widespread, which may again be difficult given the nature to produce healthier and organic foods are likely to cost more. Even so, it would seem any loss made would surely help the NHS spend less on obesity, which, in the 2007, was estimated at 4.2 billion.6The founding for this particular argument is on essentially boils down to the thought that obese people are obese solely because of their own doings, which many people believe to be an accurate portrayal of reality. However, this statement by no means holds true to the complete population of obese people. There is a genetic link up associated with obesity, with the inheritable risk of obesity thought to be approximately 30%.7 Many genes have been found that code for weight control hormones, and a stain in these genes may be passed on the offspring, thereby increasing the chance of obesity in that child.5 This would bring about many more questions and dilemmas concerning the topic at hand. For instance, what if the cause for obesity was mainly genetic as opposed to being environmental? Should the patient still pay more even though, by definition, this type of obesity isnt necessarily self-inflicted? Some may answer this question by stating that those with genetic factors shouldnt pay, however, what if both social and biological factors play an equal role in the cause of an individuals obesity? Or, further throw a fiting on the idea that those found to have the genetic link shouldnt pay, how would the obesity genes be examined in the patient? Genetic interrogatory may be carried out, but performing these tests on the entire to obese population in order to determine who should pay these costs would itself be costly, therefore being counter-productive where one of the primary aims of the question raised is to cut back on money being spent.There are also further complications regarding this wide held belief that obesity is self-inflicted. Are cases where individuals are driven to high calorie, comfort foods because of bullying or depression, be considered self-inflicted? Also, who should pay the cost for cases of childhood obesity? While some may point the fingers at the parents, one would have to ask if that is at all fair. For instance, parents arent sentenced for the crimes that their children commit. Evidence exists which associates an addiction to eating (as well as other addictions) with mental illnesses.9 Should these cases also have to pay for medical treatment themselves? By this same merit should schizophrenics and patients with other mental conditions have to finance their treatment?There are a host of other problems and issues which are p resented if this question is to be seriously considered. The question of affordability and practicality surely arises when applying the theoretical question to a real-world scenario. If obese patients were to pay directly for their medication, surgery or weight-loss programs then how much should be charged? It would surely have to be a fairly significant amount as the cost of obesity itself is already at an extremely costly figure.6 Having to pay for medical treatment may create a divide between patients who can and cant afford the costs, possibly adding another level of discrimination. And what if patients are unable to meet the expense of these bills? Should they be denied treatment? Anything beyond entertaining this idea would bring about huge moral dilemmas, as the hospitals would essentially be playing God, deciding who lives and dies, based purely on their financial background.Also, the practicality of such a situation is likely to bring up further complications, with one ques tion being how should it be charged? The NHS wasnt set up to accept payments in this particular manner, so how could this be accomplished? Would the patients need to pay before their medication or surgery? If so, and the patient does not pay, it will again bring up the judgment of denying treatment to patients. There is also the possibility that patients would pay post-surgery. But if they refuse to pay or cant afford it, then some form of policing body would need to be enforced to ensure these payments are made. While this will cost more money, again a problem given the nature of the question is to decrease the money spent, it also sends out an image of the NHS reminiscent of some sort of mobster loan shark.Another issue when considering this subject is the concept of delimitate obesity. Earlier I have stated the use of the BMI system to define obesity the world over, as well as outlining its fundamental flaws. A concern with defining obesity with the use of the BMI scale is that the differences between being classified as overweight or obese may literally be a few inches in height or a few kilograms in weight. This may very well create scenarios where a person may be a few inches shorter than another who is the same weight having to pay more for treatment. This could possibly be countered by measuring obesity by more methods than simply BMI alone, which is currently in place to diagnose obesity by the NHS. Other methodologies may also have to be in place in order to diagnose or differentiate between different classes of obesity. These could possibly include calculating the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), Waist circumference (WCR) and Skinfold thickness.7 together these allows for a more accurate representation of a patients physical status, allowing to charge for medical treatment accordingly, if that path were to be taken.It is clear that any attempt to find a solution to this question brings up series of arguments and counter points which negate and nullify ea ch other, and instead of establishing a concrete formulate of action, it would seem that the wisest and safest bet would be to sit on the fence. My personal opinion on the matter would be to increase the tax of unhealthy foods and make healthier foods readily available and at an affordable equipment casualty as well as pushing for a more active lifestyle, something akin to the change4life scheme recently set up by the government. Though this isnt without flaws, it certainly seems to reach a form of middle ground in term of ethics and equality. One of the main aims of the NHS was to treat all patients who pay tax, so forcing a section of people to pay more, regardless of whether or not the condition is self inflicted, opposes its key ideologies as well as being highly discriminatory. My proposed plan of action is certainly more subdued and the benefits of which would only be realised after a longer period of time, however, it strikes a fair balance between staying true to the NHS p hilosophy, equality for all an attempt to treat obesity and healthy lifestyle.The report should be similar in overall style to the topic discussed in NelsonsIssue II (Human Organ Transplantation) above. Another example for style couldbe a Scientific American article (e.g. How breast milk protects newborn(December, 1995) by J. Newman, pp58-61).The essay should cover the basic science, including recent developments andongoing research, but should focus on examination of the ethical, social and legalissues related to the topic.1.More than a million anti-obesity prescriptions were issued in England in the last financial year at a cost of 47million. It means about 88,000 people could be on a course of treatment.http//www.thisislondon.co.uk/ newsworthiness/article-23406735-pills-not-the-answer-to-obesity-says-top-doctor.do2. http//www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/nhshistory/Pages/NHShistory1948.aspx3. http//www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/nhshistory/Pages/NHShistory1948.aspxhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/ 1/hi/health/8012588.stm4. http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes-type2/Pages/Introduction.aspx5. Bouchard 19946. http//www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/934442/Cost-obesity-NHS-England-rise-62-billion/Acs 9781845425005 , obesity, business and public policy.7. Tomlinson8. brock9. truth mental illness 978075730107010. http//www.who.int/infobase/report.aspx?rid=118iso=GBRDef_Code=cd.0701Survey_Year_End=2005genGraphButton=Generate+Graph11. http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx?url=Pages/What-is-it.aspxred expandblue unsure

An Analysis Of Emission Spectra Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of waiver Spectra Environmental Sciences EssayEmission spectra argon the radiation emitted by the sections when their electrons jump from high sinew level to get verve level. The rise spectrum of a chemical member or chemical compound is the relative intensity of separately frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the elements specks or the compounds molecules when they ar returned to a ground state.The subnuclear particles that comprise the pinpoint can absorb various kinds of energy and then emit that energy as a photon of a detail energy and corresponding wavelength and frequency. This emitted energy is called an emission spectrum. Electrons in particular release electromagnetic radiation in the visible drift as well as in wavelengths surrounding the visible range. The particular wavelength that an electron releases depends on the difference amidst its ground state energy and the energy level that it jumps to. The amount of energy required for a n electron to jump to a higher energy level depends on where it is starting from (its ground state). So the specific visible wavelengths (colors) released by an atom that has absorbed energy depend on the brass of its electrons. All the various elements and molecules that exist have their own unique arrangement of electrons, and so the particular wavelengths (colors) produced will always be unique to any one element or molecule. This spectrum of specific electromagnetic waves can in that locationfore position the substance. Note that Bohr utilize discreet emission spectra to show the discreet energies possessed by electrons in atoms.Because the electrons of different atoms so closely arranged in loyal substances influence each other, the spectrum of a solid is different from that of the substances gas state, where the electron arrangement of individual atoms or molecules nuclear number 18 not interfered with by neighboring atoms or molecules. Normally, therefore, substances ar gon identified by their gas phase spectrum.A plot of the brightness of an object versus wavelength is called a spectrum, (even called spectra), and is observed using a spectrograph. By bedspread out the swingy by wavelength, we can gain insight into whats happening to photons of particular wavelengths (or energies), which in turn tells us whats happening with particular types of atoms. There are triplet components of a spectrum continuum emission (or blackbody radiation), emission lines, and absorption lines.Continuum emission is a wide, smooth ( unbroken) band of colors like a rainbow. This type of emission is caused by an opaque material which emits radiation because of its temperature. Hotter objects are brighter and blueweedr than cooler objects. All objects have continuum radiation. (Even you although in your case, since its in the infrared, we usually call it heat.)An absorption line is characterized by a lack of radiation at specific wavelength. Absorption lines are creat ed by viewing a hot opaque object with a cooler, dainty gas. The cool gas in front absorbs some of the continuum emission from the background source, and re-emits it in another direction, or at another frequency. Absorption lines are subtracted from the continuum emission, so that they appear fainter.An emission line is characterized by excessive radiation at specific wavelengths. You can observe emission lines by looking through a spectrometer at an energized gas. They are created by the photons that are released by the falling electrons.The important thing to know about absorption and emission lines is that any atom of a particular element ( henry, say) will have the same pattern of lines all the time. And the spacing of the lines is the same in both absorption and emission, sc firingely emission lines are added to the continuum, while absorption lines are subtracted.VARIOUS OBSERVATIONS OF SCIENTISTS IN EARLY AGEWhen a sample of airlike atoms of an element at impoverished wedge is subjected to an input of energy, such as from an electric discharge, the atoms are themselves found to emit electromagnetic radiation.On passing through a very thin slit and then through a prism the light (electromagnetic radiation) emitted by the excited atoms is orderd into its component frequencies.The familiar dispersion of white light is illustrated belowSolids, liquids and dense gases glow at high temperatures. The emitted light, examined using a spectroscope, consists of a continuous band of colours as in a rainbow. A continuous spectrum is observed. This is typical of matter in which the atoms are packed closely together. Gases at low pressure behave quite differently.The excited atoms emit save certain(prenominal) frequencies, and when these are placed as discreet lines along a frequency scale an atomic emission spectrum is formed.The phantasmal lines in the visible section of the atomic emission spectrum of barium are shown below.Spectral lines exist in se rial in the different regions (infra-red, visible and ultra-violet) of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.The spectral lines in a series get closer together with increasing frequency.Each element has its own unique atomic emission spectrum.EXPLANATION OF ABOVE MENTIONED OBSERVATIONSIt was necessary to explain how electrons are situated in atoms and why atoms are stable. Much of the following discussion refers to hydrogen atoms as these contain merely one proton and one electron making them convenient to study.In the early 1913, the famous scientist Neils Bohr solved many problems in chemistry of the time by proposing his view that the electron revolves almost the nucleus of the atom with a definite fixed energy in a fixed path, without emitting or absorbing energy. The electron in the hydrogen atom exists only in certain definite energy levels. These energy levels are called Principal Quantum Levels, denoted by the Principal Quantum Number, n. Principal Quantum Level n = 1 is closest to the nucleus of the atom and of lowest energy. When the electron occupies the energy level of lowest energy the atom is said to be in its ground state. An atom can have only one ground state. If the electron occupies one of the higher energy levels then the atom is in an excited state. An atom has many excited states.When a gaseous hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by an input of energy, its electron is promoted from the lowest energy level to one of higher energy. The atom does not remain excited but re-emits energy as electromagnetic radiation. This is as a result of an electron falling from a higher energy level to one of lower energy. This electron transition results in the release of a photon from the atom of an amount of energy (E = h) equal to the difference in energy of the electronic energy levels involved in the transition. In a sample of gaseous hydrogen where there are many trillions of atoms all of the contingent electron transitions from higher to lower energy levels will take place many times. A prism can now be used to separate the emitted electromagnetic radiation into its component frequencies (wavelengths or energies). These are then represented as spectral lines along an increasing frequency scale to form an atomic emission spectrum.Principal Quantum Levels (n)for the hydrogen atom.CommentA hydrogen atom in its Ground State.The electron occupies the lowest possible energy level which in the case of hydrogen is the Principal Quantum Level n = 1.The Bohr Theory was a marvelous success in explaining the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. He calculated wavelengths agreed dead with the experimentally measured wavelengths of the spectral lines. Bohr knew that he was on to something matching possible action with experimental data is successful science. More recent theories about the electronic mental synthesis of atoms have refined these ideas, but Bohrs model is still very helpful to us.For clarity, it is normal to conside r electron transitions from higher energy levels to the same Principal Quantum Level. The learn given below illustrates the formation of spectral lines in visible region of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation for hydrogen, called the Balmer Series.The Spectral Lines are in SeriesAs referred to higher up for hydrogen atoms, electron transitions form higher energy levels all to the n = 2 level produce a series of lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, called the Balmer Series. The series of lines in the ultra-violet region, called the Lyman Series, are due to electron transitions from higher energy levels all to the n = 1 level, and these were discovered after Bohr predicted their existence.Within each series, the spectral lines get closer together with increasing frequency. This suggests that the electronic energy levels get closer the more distant they become from the nucleus of the atom.No dickens elements have the same atomic emission spectrum the at omic emission spectrum of an element is like a fingerprint.The diagram to the right illustrates the formation of three series of spectral lines in the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen.THE RESON BEHIND DISTINCT WAVELENGTHSAs we know light from a mercury discharge tube was composed of only three colors, or three distinct wavelengths of light. This feature, that an element emits light of specific colors, is an enormously useful probe of how individual atoms of that element behave. Indeed, the science of spectroscopy was developed around the discovery that each element of the periodic table emits light with its own set characteristic wavelengths, or emission spectrum. of light. If one has a collection of some(prenominal) elements, all emitting light, and the spectra of the different elements combine or overlap. By comparing the combined spectra to the known spectra of individual elements, we can discover which elements are present. It is amusing to note that the element helium was first discovered in this manner through the spectroscopic analysis of light from the sun in 1868 and was only later discovered in terrestrial minerals in 1895.But why do we see distinct wavelengths in emission spectra? And why are the spectra different for particular elements? There is zilch distinct about the light from an incandescent source such as the ordinary light bulb. In an empirical study of the spectrum of hydrogen, Balmer discovered that the precise frequencies and wavelengths of the light produced could be described by a simple equation involving a constant and an integer. Balmers equation was then expanded to describe the entire spectrum of hydrogen, including the ultra-violet and the infrared spectral lines. This equation is called the Rydberg equation= R ( ),Where R is the Rydberg constant, and n1 and n2 are integers.The presence of integers in this equation created a real problem for physicists until the development of the quantum theory of the atom by Neils Bohr. B ohrs theory suggested that the electron sectoring the nucleus could have only certain quantized angular momenta. The implication of this idea is that the electron can orbit only at certain fixed distances and velocities around the nucleus and subsequently can possess only certain discrete energies. Individual electron orbits are associated with specific energy levels. Integer numbers uniquely identify these levels and these integers, quantum numbers, are the ones that show up in the Rydberg equation and that are labeledn1 and n2.The integers in Rydbergs equations identify electron orbits of specific radius. In general, the larger the value of the integer, the larger the size of the orbit. Rydbergs equation says that the wavelength of the light emitted from an atom depends on two electron orbits. The explanation is that an electron makes a transition from the initial orbit identified by the integer n1 to a final orbit identified by the integer n2. Furthermore, since there is a uniq ue energy associated with each electron orbit, these integers n1 and n2 also identify or tag the energy of the electron. Hence, a discrete amount of energy is released or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between two orbits. In the case of the atom, when an electron makes a transition from one orbit to another with a lesser value of its identifying integer, energy is released from the atom and takes the form of emitted light of a distinct wavelength, or equivalently, of distinct frequency.So the picture we have is that electron transitions between different orbits produce different wavelengths of light and that the actual wavelength value of the light depends on the energy difference between the two orbits. Furthermore, since the energies of the different orbits and the energies of the transitions are set by the atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), each atom has its own characteristic spectrum.distances and velocities around the nucleus and subsequently c an possess only certain discrete energies. Individual electron orbits are associated with specific energy levels. Integer numbers uniquely identify these levels and these integers, quantum numbers, are the ones that show up in the Rydberg equation and that are labeled n1 and n2.Emission Line Spectra of Various ElementsREFERANCE NO.Explanation of the above ImageFirst spectrum is hydrogen, typical of a hydrogen spectrum tube.Second spectrum is helium, typical of a helium spectrum tube.Third spectrum is lithium, as typically from a flame or an electric arc.Fourth spectrum is neon.Fifth spectrum is low pressure sodium, but with secondary lines exaggerated.Sixth spectrum is argon, typical of an argon glow lamp or spectrum tube. attached spectrum is copper, drawn using a wavelength table and Ioannis Galidakis photos of a copper arc spectrum (see link below). Oxide lines which may appear in the flame spectrum are not shown.Next spectrum is zinc, drawn using a wavelength table and a photo b y Ioannis Galidakis of a zinc arc spectrum. Intensity of the red line is shown for the slightly greenish light blue usual zinc arc, but Ioannis reports getting a pinkish zinc arc and shows the red line to be brighter.Next spectrum is barium. Oxide lines are not included.Next spectrum is krypton. Ion lines typical of flashlamp use are not included.Next spectrum is that of the most park variety of metal halide lamp, which is basically a mercury vapor lamp enhanced with iodides of sodium and scandium.Next spectrum is that of a xenon flashtube of lower-than-usual pressure, operated with a higher than usual voltage and a lower than usual energy level to favor a line spectrum. An actual typical xenon spectrum generally has a strong continuous spectrum, which I show more dimly than actually occurs in order to show the lines. The lines are mainly those of excited xenon ions, alternatively than excited neutral xenon atoms. At lower current, the most distinct visible spectral lines are two close together in the blue and the brightness is usually low.Next spectrum is high pressure mercury vapor, typical of a mercury vapor lamp. Low pressure mercury vapor has a similar spectrum except the green line is slightly dimmer and the yellow lines are significantly dimmer.Next one after that is a mercury lamp with the common Deluxe White phosphor.Next one after that is a compact fluorescent lamp of the 2700K color.Emission line spectra of various other elements is given belowAPPLICATIONSEmission Spectroscopic techniques are used in Flame Emission SpectroscopyEnergy spectra are used in astrophysical spectroscopy.Energy Spectra are used in Optical Spectroscopy

Government and Politics - We Need Election Reform in America Essay

Knowledge will forever govern ignorance, and a people who mean to be their own governors, must weapon system themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy or perhaps both. -- James Madison (Focus 1)The linked States has strived to be a true democracy, a place in which the citizens ar free to govern themselves, since its inception. For a democracy to work, the citizens must remain knowledgeable and elections must remain unbiased. Our current system of electing presidents fails in both of these regards citizens are barely given two choices that stand any chance of winning and their decisions between those two candidates are influenced not by knowledge, but instead by what they agree seen on thirty second tv commercials. In order to break up the complete political monopoly the Democrat and Republican Parties have on the United States, we as Americans need to reform our presidential elections so that third party and independent candidates have a legitimate chance of holding offices and so that citizens are able to vote on the candidates based on their political beliefs rather than on their ability to fundraise and advertise. Similar reforms should be made to the elections for other offices as well at the federal, state and local levels. The ideas and arguments presented in this paper can be applied to American elections in general although, because of the small scope of this paper, they sole(prenominal) speak of the presidential elections.A candidate cannot legitimately compete in modern American elections without being able to finance a huge television advertising campaign. Commercials have become an integral part of our... ...Democrats and Republicans hold in this country would allow candidates with fresh ideas and new ways of dealing with old problems to discover office. Through these new representatives, our government will become healt hier and better able to adapt to todays changing political environment. Sources CitedBasham, Patrick. The Illiberal Reality of European-Style Campaign Reform. http//www.cato.org/dailys/03-13-02.html.Donnis, Ian. In Whose Interest? http//www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/other_stories/multi-page/documents/02552297.htm.Targonski, Rosalie. http//usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/archive/elect00/primer.htm.Focus - Freedom of Press and Information. http//usembassy.state.gov/islamabad/wwwhircalert0702.htmlAssociated Press. http//www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e1598.htm.CNN. http//www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/results/.

Georgia :: essays research papers

The state of tabun has a total area of 152,750 sq km(58,977 sq mi), including 2618 sq km (1011 sq mi) ofinland water and 122 sq km (47 sq mi) of coastal watersover which the state has jurisdiction. The state is the 24thlargest in the country and has the largest land area of anystate east of the Mississippi River. Georgia has a top rangenorth to south of 515 km (320 mi) and east to west of 441km (274 mi). The mean elevation is well-nigh 180 m (about600 ft). Georgia occupies split of six natural regions, orphysiographic provinces. They are the Atlantic CoastalPlain, the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, the Blue Ridgeprovince, the Ridge and Valley province, and theAppalachian Plateaus. Almost the entire area of Georgiawas forested in early colonial times, and about three-fifthsof the land is still secrecyed by forests and woodlands.Mixed forests of deciduous and coniferous trees covermost of the Blue Ridge and Appalachian mountain areas.Normal trees in these areas accommodate sp ecies of ash, beech,birch, hemlock, hickory, poplar, sweetgum, sycamore, redoak, white oak, and Virginia, shortleaf, and loblolly pines.Pines which dominate on the Piedmont are loblolly andshortleaf pine trees. On the coastal plains, slash, loblolly,and longleaf pines are found. The live oak, the state tree,thrives in the southern part of the coastal plains. Palmettosare found in areas of sandy soil, and bald cypresses andtupelo gums are putting surfacely found in swampy and badlydrained areas. Spanish moss festoons many of thecypresses in Okefenokee Swamp. Other trees that arefound in the state include the red maple, sweet bay, blackcherry, butternut, sassafras, southern magnolia,cottonwood, locust, and elm. Flowering plants grow ingreat abundance in Georgia. Those natural to the stateinclude the trillium, galax, bellwort, hepatica, mayapple,bloodroot, violet, columbine, lady slipper, and Cherokeerose, which is the stte of Georgias state flower. Among themany shrubs and tiny flowe ring trees common in Georgiaare species of laurel, mimosa, redbud, flowering dogwood,rhododendron, and flame azalea. White-tailed deer are themost common of the larger mammals found in the state.There are black bears in the northern mountains and inOkefenokee Swamp, and bobcats roam many of the ruralareas. Red foxes, gray foxes, muskrats, raccoons,opossums, locomote squirrels, foxes and gray squirrels areabundant in the forested areas, and otter and beaver aremet in many swamps and rivers. In the mid-1990s therewas about 43,000 farms in Georgia. Only about two-fifthshad annual sales of $10,000 or more. Many of the rest ofthe farms were hobbies for operators who held different