Elements Of Property Offences In UK Essay

INTRODUCTION In most societies today, property offences have become prevalent in most courts of law. There have been cases of property offences here and there in most countries of the world. United Kingdom is not exceptional when it comes to the issue of property offences; therefore, in this seminar presentation a succinct or close examination of property offences in the United Kingdom shall be the focus of our discussion. This will prepare the young and potential layers in colleges for their impending mock law examination. Thus, this paper is a pathway to success in the area of criminal law, as it will broaden the horizon of students stressing in criminal law, particularly in the area property offences. AN OVERVIEW OF PROPERTY OFFENCES   Ã‚   There are wide varieties or kinds of property offences under both the common law and the statue law as initiated by the parliament. Understanding of what is term common law becomes imperative here; the common law is the law which has been built up by judges making decisions over centuries. We refer to the judges’ law as â€Å"precedents†, which it is offer called in most courts today. Like the case above, understanding of property offences; the main statue law passed by the parliament of New South Wales which deals with property offences is the crimes Act 1900, which has been amended by the parliament many times since it was enacted. Property offences thus involve extremely complicated relationships between the property itself, whose property it is and whether or not it is in someone’s possession, and what relationship or understanding there is between the accused and the victim about the property. It is therefore very important to take cursory examination of the various issues that can arise from property offences. This will provide enough insight and information to a better understanding of property offences. The most common offences are larceny, receiving and malicious damage, which shall be treated below. It is an offence under the Crime Act of 1900 in New South Wales to commit larceny. Thus the maximum penalty for such given by the statute is 5 years goal. The meaning or elements of the offence of larceny are governed by the common law, or judge-made law, which have built up over the years with judicial decisions. The elements of the offence of larceny are well established and have been summarized thus. A person must without the consent of the owner, fraudulently and without claim of right made in good faith, take and carry away, anything capable of being stolen, with intent at the time of such taking permanently to deprive the owner of that property. As shown here, each of these elements contain facts which would have to be proven beyond reasonable doubts by the prosecution for the offence to be proved in court. A typical example is that if a person walks into a shop and takes a bag of rice from and walks out intending to keep the bag of rice for himself or herself, and without any permission or right to do so, that person is guilty of larceny. Shop lifting is the most common form of larceny. However, if the facts are charged straightly, the prosecution cannot succeed. This means that if the person who took the bag of rice does not intend to permanently deprive the owner of the rice, then he does not commit larceny. If the bag of rice actually becomes to the person because he or she paid for it in the shop earlier that day and left it in the shop to be collected later, then there is no case of larceny because the person a claim of right and ownership. The variations on the facts are many and every case is haled depending on its own facts in the law court. ACTUS REUS AND MENS REA The actus reus-sometimes called the external element of a crime is a Latin term for the guilty act which, when proved beyond reasonable doubt in combination with the mens rea, i.e. the â€Å"guilty mind† produces criminal liability in common law-based on criminal law jurisdiction of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Scotland, and the United States. According to Allen, Michael â€Å"In criminal law, mens rea—the Latin term for â€Å"guilty mind† is usually one of the necessary elements of crime. The standards common law test of criminal liability is usually expressed in Latin phrase; actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, which means that the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty†. Thus in jurisdictions with due process, there must be an actus reus accompanied by some level of mens rea to constitute the crime with which the defendant is charged. In this sense, mens rea refers to the mental element of the offence that accompanied the actus reus. In some jurisdictions, the terms mens rea and actus reus have been superseded by alternative terminology. However, there are four general classes of mens rea which its words may vary from one state to another. These include (1) intention (2) knowledge (3) Recklessness (4) negligence. A GENERAL INTRODUCTION INTO THEFT BY THEFT ACT 1968, ROBBERY – S. 8(1) The Act 1960 (1968c. 60) is an act of the parliament of the United Kingdom, governing most of the general property offences in English law. On 15 January 2007, the Fraud Act 2006 came into force, repeating most of the offences f deception. Historically, the Theft Act 1960 resulted from the efforts of the Criminal Law Revision committee to reform the English law of Theft. The Larceny Act 1916 had codified the common law, including Larceny itself, but it remained a complex web of offences. The intention of the Theft Act 1968, was to replace the existing law of larceny and other deception related offences, by single enactment, creating a more coherent body of principles that would allow the law to evolve to meet a new salvations. The Act was assented to on July 26th, 1968. To understand Theft by Theft Act, the basic definition of theft itself becomes imperative. THEFT; DEFINITION In the criminal Law, theft (also known as stealing) is â€Å"the illegal taking of another persons property without that person’s freely-give consent. As a term, it is used as shorthand for all major crimes against property, encompassing offences such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, mugging, trespassing, shop lifting, intrusion, fraud (theft by deception) and sometimes criminal conversion†. Theft is offer considered to be synonymous with larceny. In this work, theft has replaced larceny. Therefore, someone who carries out an act o for makes career of theft known as a thief. Therefore, a person shall be guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriate, property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. DETAILS OF THEFT TO THEFT ACT – 1968 THEFT ACT 1968, AGGRAVATED BURGLARY. ROBBERY = P. A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being there and there subjected to force. This means in a clear and simple term that the victim of such robbery is subjected to either physical or mental torture. This is a strategy employ by the robber to accompany his / her mission. In this case, a typical example is relevant. Take for instance, Mr. Johnson and Alfred entered a hotel with a gun and shot to the air to intimidate the customers and the workers, collected monies and other valuables from them, on their way out of the hotel, they were caught by the alerted patrol team of the police, in this situation Alfred and Mr. Johnson are guilty of robbery. A person guilty of robbery or of an assaults with intent to rob, shall on conviction on indictment be liable to imprisonment for life. This should be the case of Alfred and Mr. Johnson exemplified above. BURGLARY A person is guilty of burglary if: He enters any building or part of a building as a trespasser, he steals or attempts to steal anything in the building or that part of tit or inflicts or attempts to inflict on any person therein any grievous bodily harm. The offences referred to in sub-section 1(a) above are offences of stealing anything in the building or part of a building in question, of inflicting on any person therein any grievous bodily harm or (raping any person therein, and of doing unlawful damage to the building or anything therein. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A person guilty of burglary shall be on conviction on indictment be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding; Where the offence was committed in respect of a building or part of a building which is a dwelling fourteen years; In any other case, ten years. References in subsections (1) and (2) above to a building, and the reference in subsection (3) above to a building which is a dwelling, shall apply also to an inhabited vehicle or vessel, and shall apply to any such vehicle or vessel at times when the person having a habitation in it is not there as well as at times when he is. A good example of a person who seems to be guilty of burglary is established thus; Mr. Ali broke into Mr. John’s room, while he is away in Germany, on leaving, the security caught him, and dragged him to the court; John Mr. Ali’s action, he is guilty of burglary and is liable to face the charges and all the penalties. OBTAINING PROPERTY BY DECEPTION. S. 15    Any property acquire without the consent of the own through any form of dubious means is said to be a crime. Take for instance, it a vehicle is taken with the consent of the owner, it is said to be legal, however when consent if ignored, it is then said to be deception. Another good example is when one put up a force identity to hire a car. This overlaps with the 15 offences of obtaining property or services by deception. Taking by force may be robbery when defendant did not intend the victim to recover the car at all or so seriously damaged that it amounts to theft. It the evidence is insufficient for theft, the alternative charges are aggravated vehicle taking or blackmailing under S21. â€Å"Note that S12 (7) protects the interest of people hiring or buying under a hire purchase agreement deeming them to be the owner for the purposes of S12†. http.//en/wikipedia.org/wiki/IWOCH/ without the consent of the owner. AVERSION OF LIABILITY BY DECEPTION UNDER S.2 – D THEFT ACT 1979 Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents 9see false document), with the intent to deceive. The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another including through the use of objects obtaining through forgery. Copies, studios replies, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful misattributions. In the 16th century imitators of Albrecht Durer’s style of print making improved the market for their own prints by signing them â€Å"AD†, making them forgeries. In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings meant to be by Picasso, Nee, and matisse. This usage of â€Å"forgery† does not derive from metal work done at â€Å"forge†, but it has a parallel history. A sense of â€Å"to counterfeit† is already in the Anglo-French verb forger â€Å"falsify†. Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. Forgery is one of the threats that have to be addressed by security engineering. A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of forgery is less focused on the object itself – what it is worth or what it proves† – than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax. In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object â€Å"planted† in a concocted situation, may substitute for a gorged physical object. OBTAINING A MONEY TRANSFER THROUGH DECEPTION Obtaining a money transfer by deception (1) alter section 15 of the (1968 c. 60) theft Act 1968 insert – â€Å"is a obtaining a money transfer by deception A person is guilty of an offence if by any deception he dishonestly obtains a money transfer for himself or another. A money transfer occurs when – a debit is made to one account a credit is made to another account the credit results from debit results from the credit References to a credit and to a debit are to a credit of an amount of money and to a debit of an amount of money. It is immaterial (in particular) – whether the amount credited is the same as the amount debited whether the money transfer is effected on presentment of cheque or by another method whether any delay occurs in the process by which the money transfer effected. Whether any intermediate credits or debits are made in the course of the money transfer. Whether either of the accounts is overdrawn before or after the money transfer is affect. A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable in conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding tem years. 15 B section 15A: supplementary (1) the following provisions have effect for the interpretation of section 15A of this Act. â€Å"Deception† has the same meaning as in section 15 of this Act. â€Å"Account means an account kept with – a bank or a person carrying on a business which falls within subsection (4) below A business falls within subsection if – in the curse of the business money received by way of deposit is lent to others; or any other activity of the business is financed wholly or to any material extent, out of the capital of r the interest on money received by way of deposit. For the purpose of subsection (4) above – all the activities which a person carries on by way of business shall be regarded as a single business carried on by him; and â€Å"money† includes money expressed in a currency other then sterling in the European currency unit (as defined in council regulation N. 3320/94/EC or any community instrument replacing it†. Nothing in this section has effect in relation to anything done before the day on which this act is passed. Dishonesty retaining a wrongful credit (1) after section 24 of the theft Act 1968 insert – 24 a dishonestly retaining a wrongful credit (1) A person is guilty of an offence if – a wrongful credit has been made to an account kept by him or in respect of which he has any right or interest. He knows or believes that the credit is wrongful; and he dishonestly fails to take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to secure that the credit is cancelled. References to a credit are to a credit of an amount of money. A credit to an account is also wrongful if it is the credit side of money transfer obtained contrary to section 15A of this Act; The few sited examples should do as they have clearly established the meaning of deception in the case of money transfer. Conclusively thus, this piece of work is a pathway to a great success in the area of criminal law in relation to students who are preparing for their mock examination. In this regards, the student of criminal law, at the end this seminar paper presentation will be sure that they won’t be ridiculed by any kind of question that might likely confront them. Thus, this paper is a total and holistic review of Theft by Theft Act of 1968 under the U.K criminal law. The paper thus is an eye opener to the students as many thing, would become quite clear to them. REFERENCES Allen Michael (2005) Criminal Law. Oxford. Oxford University Press. //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWOC without the content of the owner.

Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis

rP os t 2095 MAY 1, 2008 W. EARL SASSER HEATHER BECKHAM op yo Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Another long day at the office had drawn to a close. Thomas Green felt the pulsing in his temples that usually preceded a migraine. As he stepped outside Dynamic Displays’ corporate headquarters in Boston, the brisk air made him catch his breath. It was now February 5, 2008. Green could not believe that in five short months his dream promotion had turned into a disaster.When Green had been promoted to his new position in September, he was a rising star. Now, he would be lucky to celebrate his one-year anniversary with the company. His boss, Frank Davis, had sent the division vice president, Shannon McDonald, two scathing emails criticizing Green’s performance. Green and Davis had yet to see eye to eye on work styles or market trends. Tension had also risen when Green did not enthusiastically endorse the sales forecasts made by Davis. Green felt the forecasts were either overly optimistic or outright fabrications. tCBefore he left for the day, Green had reread the series of emails regarding his performance and was certain that Davis was setting him up to be dismissed. Davis’s most recent email had made it clear to Green that his position as a senior market specialist was in jeopardy. He did not have much time to rectify the situation. McDonald had emailed a formal request to him that afternoon, asking for his perspective on his performance and how he was going to improve the situation. With this in mind, Green started his commute home and began to analyze what went wrong and what he could do to save his job. NoCompany and Industry Background Do Dynamic Displays was founded in 1990 as a provider of self-service options to banks via Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). In 1994, Dynamic Displays launched a new division aimed at the travel and hospitality industry, and deployed their first self-service check-in kiosk for Discov er Airlines. In 2007, Dynamic Displays’ Travel and Hospitality Division had 60% market share with over 1,500 self-service kiosks in use at more than 75 airports. Customers included regional, national, and international airline carriers, as well as various hotels and car-rental agencies.Eighty percent of the Travel and Hospitality Division’s 2007 revenue came from airline carrier clients, 15% from hotels, HBS Professor W. Earl Sasser and Heather Beckham prepared this case solely as a basis for class discussion and not as an endorsement, a source of primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective management. This case, though based on real events, is fictionalized, and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. There are occasional references to actual companies in the narration.Copyright  © 2008 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Bus iness Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. rP os t 095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis and 5% from car-rental agencies.The company was a full service provider, offering hardware, software, engineering, and maintenance support. op yo Kiosks were an attractive option for airlines to quickly and easily check in passengers while reducing processing costs. Dynamic Displays’ kiosks not only reduced costs but also improved customer service, shortened passenger wait times, and provided valuable information to these travelers. In 2006, Forrester Research estim ated the average cost for an airline passenger to check in through an agent was $3. 2, versus a range of $0. 14 to $0. 32 for kiosk check-in. 1 This impressive savings was realized by allowing the repetitive tasks of selecting or changing seat assignments and printing and distributing boarding passes to be handled by the passengers themselves. Airlines reduced headcount or assigned the agents to more value-added tasks, such as solving complex customer service issues and ensuring compliance with safety and security standards. The cost savings were particularly important for the airline industry during a period when margins were razor thin and fuel costs were continuing to climb.Airlines were also aggressively promoting another self-service option for travelers. Web check-in allowed passengers to complete the entire check-in process via the internet from a remote location, utilizing their personal or office computer. Cost savings using online check-in was of even greater benefit becau se the airline did not have to purchase and install a kiosk, and passengers printed their own boarding passes using their own paper. According to a 2006 Forrester report, airport kiosks were a mature application with 75% of U. S. leisure passengers using kiosk in 2006.Web check-in on the other hand, was still experiencing dramatic growth, increasing from less than 45% of U. S. leisure passengers in 2005 to 64% in 2006. 2 Thomas Green: Path to Senior Market Specialist tC Thomas Green was born in 1979 in Brunswick, Georgia, the son of a postman and a school secretary. At the University of Georgia, he worked in a warehouse and washed cars while earning a bachelor’s degree in Economics. His first full-time job was in sales for National Business Solutions in Atlanta. Green enjoyed impressive success in the Banking Division, focusing on ATM sales to regional banks in the Southeast.In March 2007, Dynamic Displays recruited Green for an account executive position in the Southeast ter ritory for the Travel and Hospitality Division. To Green, Dynamic Displays seemed to present a great chance for a fast climb up the managerial ladder. No Green hit the ground running at Dynamic Displays. In his first four months as an account executive, he completed a contract for one of the largest airline carriers, Journey Airlines, to accelerate rollout of kiosks in 20 airports and purchase upgraded software for kiosks in the majority of their locations.Green had told a close friend, â€Å"I wanted to come in and dazzle them at Dynamic Displays. This was no easy feat. But I wanted more than an account executive position. I had heard there was a lot of opportunity for fresh talent at corporate headquarters and I made it my mission to get noticed immediately. † Do Senior executives at Dynamic Displays quickly took notice of Green’s performance and were eager to strengthen his relationship with the company. In July 2007, Green attended a week-long training session at c orporate headquarters.Shannon McDonald, the division vice president, and Mary Jacobs, the national sales director, made a concerted effort to get to know him better. Green and McDonald 1 Harteveldt and Epps, â€Å"Self-Service Check-In Clicks with Travelers,† Forrester Report, February 23, 2007 2 Ibid. 2 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. rP os t Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 ere both University of Georgia alumni and Georgia natives. They had an instant connection, and McDonald seemed to take Green under her wing. McDonald had several informal meetings with Green, and by the end of the week Green became aware of an open position for a senior market specialist. Green aggressively campaigned to be considered for this position. Over the next month, Green made several trips to corporate headquarters to meet with McDonald. Green discussed his various client relationships, and McDonald agreed that in a short time he had developed unique insights into their markets.Following a dinner meeting at which Green offered lengthy explanations of the client opportunities he perceived and his strategies for winning them, McDonald promoted him to the position of senior market specialist. op yo McDonald told Green, â€Å"Tom, you are obviously a bright and ambitious account executive. You have a great rapport with your clients. You have made a strong case for your promotion and I’m willing to take a chance on you. I think this group needs a fresh perspective. However, I do have a couple of reservations about your lack of managerial experience.You have only held sales roles, and the senior market specialist position is very different. This new job will require you to think strategically as well as tactically, and y ou will have to coordinate between several different functions and layers of corporate management. I am hoping you compensate for your lack of experience by seeking out guidance from some of our more seasoned managers. † Green was assigned to work out of corporate headquarters in Boston. The division’s organizational structure is shown in Exhibit 1.The promotion had been a giant step upward for Green; an account executive interested in joining the marketing team usually moved first to a market specialist position and then put in a number of years in the field before reaching â€Å"senior† status. The other senior market specialists in the division were in their forties. Green was 28. His salary was now $125,000, a 50% increase over his previous salary. tC Senior market specialists were responsible for identifying industry trends, evaluating new business opportunities, and establishing sales goals.In addition, specialists developed general market and specific clie nt trategies to help the account executives obtain a sale. Green directly supervised the two market specialists in his region. Green reported to Frank Davis, the marketing director. Davis had recently been promoted from the position that Green assumed (see Exhibit 2 for relevant bios). No After Green’s Promotion Green’s promotion became effective on September 10, 2007. McDonald stopped by Green’s office that first day and told Green, â€Å"Tom, you are walking into a tricky situation with Frank Davis. Frank had expected to choose the new senior market specialist and it would not have been you.You’ll have to deal with any fallout that might result from that. You are getting an unusual opportunity with this promotion. Don’t let me down. † Do Green used most of his first week to review 2006 and 2007 year-to-date sales. He spent the next week with his boss, Frank Davis, making a rapid tour of major airline industry clients. At the end of the wee k, Davis told Green, â€Å"We had some good meetings this week and the clients responded well to your ideas. However, I think we would have been more effective if we had been able to provide the clients with some market data.When you are on your own I expect you to spend a significant amount of time preparing for client meetings and developing supporting detail for your proposals. I know you will need a little time to get up to speed on your new position, but I expect you to start developing some new market strategies for your region soon. † HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 3 rP os t 095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Green next visited clients, market specialists, and account executives in New York, Atlanta, and Orlando. In addi tion to the travel, Green’s personal life was very busy. He was searching for a house in Boston, arranging to move belongings there, and still trying to maintain a relationship with his girlfriend in Atlanta. op yo On October 8, Green attended the 2008 Budget Plan meeting in which Davis presented sales projections for the upcoming year. This was the first time Green had been exposed to the planning and forecasting process.Since Davis had held Green’s position when the estimates were due, the numbers for the Eastern region had been developed without input from Green. At the meeting, Davis assigned 2008 performance commitments for all senior marketing specialists and their teams. Performance reviews would be based upon their ability to meet or exceed the objectives. Green was surprised by the numbers that Davis was proposing. Davis estimated 10% growth in the Eastern region. According to Green, â€Å"Frank Davis was way off base with his pro forma numbers. I had been ta lking with our account execs and there was no way we could achieve double-digit growth in 2008.The sales goals Frank set for my region were totally unrealistic. In the meeting I expressed my concern that my goals would be impossible to meet. I couldn’t believe I was the only one with the guts to speak up. After the meeting, Frank stopped me in the hall and told me about all these big opportunities for the market. I listened politely, but the time I’d spent out on the road with clients gave me every reason to doubt Frank’s expectations. † tC Davis was visibly upset that Green openly challenged him at the meeting. Davis commented to McDonald, â€Å"Thomas’s negative attitude is not what we need on this team.Corporate expects this division to be a growth engine for the company. We’ve realized a 10% CAGR over the past 5 years. The market indicators are positive, and with the right sales strategy my projections are attainable. The hotel and car-r ental markets are virtually untapped right now. Thomas’s problem is that he’s too conservative in his outlook. He is thinking like an account exec who is only concerned with the sales target. In the senior market specialist position, he has to think outside the box and develop strategies to capture that aggressive growth target. † Meeting with Frank Davis NoIt was customary for employees at Dynamic Displays to have an informal evaluation in the first or second month after a promotion. When Green saw a meeting with Davis regarding his performance pop up on his Outlook calendar, he was not the least bit worried. On October 15, 2007, Green met with Davis to discuss his performance to date. Quite to Green’s surprise, Davis had prepared a list of problems he had encountered with Green’s work in the first month after his promotion. Do Davis sternly looked Green in the eye and began. â€Å"Thomas, you have not done a good job of keeping me informed of you r schedule.For example, this past Thursday, I was trying to locate you and your Outlook calendar said you were in Orlando. I needed you to send me some information on one of our accounts. You didn’t answer your cell phone. I ended up calling the account exec in Orlando and was told you had left the previous day. To make matters worse, I had asked you to deliver on that same day a brief report on that new kiosk opportunity in Tampa—and I didn’t receive it. † Flabbergasted, Green responded, â€Å"I decided to go to Atlanta a day early because I had run out of good opportunities in Orlando.I was able to get a meeting with the VP of purchasing at a client in Atlanta and thought that would be more productive than sitting around Orlando talking to nobodies. † 4 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyrigh t. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. rP os t Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 Davis continued, â€Å"On September 20, I asked you to check why VIP Hotel Group had not purchased any of our kiosks.After three reminders, I still have not received a good answer from you. In the same vein, two weeks ago, I requested the status of the regional jet division of Journey Airlines. I have not received any update from you yet. I also asked for organizational charts on two clients in Charlotte and Raleigh. Do you remember your reply? You said, ‘What’s the value of charts like that? I have that information in my head. ’ Thomas, we can make good use of those charts—they can help us lay out a strategy for getting to the decision makers in a company. I expect the charts on my desk by end of the week.Davis and Green spent the next two hours going over various incidents and discussing a plan to improve the situation. op yo Later, Green told a manager outside his group, â€Å"I can’t shake this nagging suspicion that Frank’s criticisms of my performance are a direct result of my questioning the validity of his forecasts in the Budget Plan meeting. I was blindsided by his negative assessment of my work. Frank spent two hours picking apart my work style. You would think he would be concerned with bigger issues than how often I update my Outlook calendar. †A few days after the meeting, Davis wrote an email to McDonald, who had promoted Green, outlining the points covered in the meeting and copied Green on the communication (Exhibit 3). Three Months Later: Trouble Continues tC After the October 15 meeting, Green met with the national sales director and director of software development. Green was focused on developing a new up-selling and cross-selling software program that would allow airline passengers to upgrade seating; have meals, magazines, or books delivered to the flight; and book hotel rooms or cars at their destination.According to Green, â€Å"The only way for us to capture growth is if we can convince the airlines that our products have revenuegenerating opportunity and other advantages over web check-in. However, these programs may take months to develop and will not impact our sales in 2008. † No Green spent most of November, December, and January working independently on his special software project and traveling to meet with his market specialists and various clients. According to one of the market specialists who accompanied Green to several meetings, â€Å"Thomas is great when it comes to selling the clients on his ideas.He is very charismatic and can think quickly on his feet. I can tell he has put a lot of thought into his strategies and I really like working for him. However, the clients are starting to ask me for hard data to back up his claims of cost savings. They are also requiring memos and presentations to bring to their super iors that justify the expenditure. Thomas doesn’t really work that way. He would rather talk through the issues face to face. † Do During this time, Green avoided interactions with Davis whenever he could. Green continued to tell people outside the group he did not agree with his boss’s projections for 2008.Green stated, â€Å"With the continued financial distress in the airline industry and preference for web check-in, I don’t foresee a lot of growth in spending next year. Davis is holding firm with his upbeat projections. I deliberately steer clear of him. I know my mood is terrible. The excitement’s gone from work. I must say, though, I’ve had a couple of good chats with managers from another part of Dynamic Displays, and they‘re supportive. They told me to stand my ground. † On January 28, Davis held another performance review meeting with Green, focusing on the continuing deficiencies in Green’s work and attitude.Afte r the meeting, Davis sent an email to McDonald outlining his issues with Green (Exhibit 4). Green was not copied on this email, but someone sent him a copy by interoffice mail. McDonald met with Davis the following day to flesh out HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 5 rP os t 2095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis the issue. Davis told McDonald, â€Å"I am truly disappointed with Thomas’s work.He is an intelligent and capable young man, but I do not believe he is making a strong effort. † In response to Davis’s complaints, McDonald sent a short email to Green (Exhibit 5) asking for his point of view on the situation. Green told a close friend, â€Å"It’s clear that Frank intends to get rid of me. He’s jus t putting his argument together. † Green’s Next Move op yo As Green entered I-93 on the way to his new home in North Andover, he replayed in his head the series of events and subsequent emails. Green recognized that he had not paid much attention to office politics when he’d taken on his job.He had met one-on-one with McDonald only twice since he moved to the corporate headquarters. He had been preoccupied with the job itself, and with living up to McDonald’s expectations. Now it seemed as though he had no allies in the company. McDonald’s email today struck a nerve. Because McDonald sponsored his promotion, Green had taken for granted that she would watch out for him. If Davis was indeed trying to fire him, Green wondered who McDonald would side with. Do No tC Several questions persisted in Green’s mind. What steps should he take next? Set up a meeting with McDonald?Write McDonald a detailed memo? Do what Davis tells him and keep his mouth s hut, even though he was convinced that the forecasts were inflated? Was it his responsibility to expose Davis’s overstated projections? Maybe contact a head hunter and start looking for another job? He had to sort through before he responded to McDonald’s email. Next week, his first mortgage payment was due and the new furniture he’d picked out was scheduled to be delivered. This was certainly not a good time to be out of work, for 2008 was shaping up to be a very stressful year for Thomas Green. 6 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOLThis document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhi bit 1 No (3) Northwest US, West Canada, Alaska, Hawaii (4) Southwest US North American Western Region Sales Manager Kent Walsh Technical Specialists2 (4) North East US, Eastern Canada (3) Southeast US North AmericanEastern Region Sales Manager Mark Washington National Sales Director Mary Jacobs op yo tC Service/ Maintenance Director John Kofalt (3) North Central US (3) South Central US rP os t North American Central Sales Manager Christine Raven Software Development Director Robert Hartley 2 There were six technical specialists (one for each territory) There were three senior market specialists (one for each region) and six market specialists (one for each territory). Thomas Green was the market specialist for Eastern Region 1 Account Executives Market Specialists1 Senior Market Specialists1 Thomas Green Jack Brown Michelle Jones Marketing DirectorFrank Davis Travel Division Vice President Shannon McDonald Abbreviated Organization Chart, Travel and Hospitality Division of Dynamic Di splays, 2007 Do 2095 -7- Exhibit 2 Relevant Bios Thomas Green (Age 28) – Senior Market Specialist rP os t 2095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Thomas Green began his career as an account executive for National Business Solutions in Atlanta, Georgia. He spent six years as an account executive in the Banking Division, selling ATMs to regional banks throughout the Southeast. In March 2007 he joined Dynamic Displays as an account executive in their Travel and Hospitality Division.He is currently the division’s senior market specialist for the Eastern region of North America. Green graduated summa cum laude from University of Georgia with a bachelor’s degree in Economics in 2001. op yo Frank Davis (Age 45) – Marketing Director Frank Davis is a 17-year veteran of Dynamic Displays. He joined the company in 1990 as an account executive with the Financial Services Solutions Division. He has also held positions as an account executive , market specialist, and senior market specialist with the Travel and Hospitality Division. Frank Davis is currently the marketing director for the Travel and Hospitality Division.Prior to joining Dynamic Displays, Davis worked as a sales representative for Advanced Telecommunications Services selling PBX phone systems to large corporations. He holds a bachelors degree in history from New York University (1986) and an Executive MBA from Suffolk University, Sawyer Business School (2002). Shannon McDonald (Age 42) – Division Vice President Do No tC Reporting to the Dynamic Displays Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, Sam Costello, Shannon McDonald was promoted to Division Vice President in November of 2006 and is responsible for all aspects of the Travel and Hospitality Business.Previously, McDonald was the director of national sales for the Travel and Hospitality Division (2000-2006). She was responsible for driving Dynamic Displays’ self-service business w ith the largest airline carriers in the United States. Ms. McDonald has also held positions as a strategic consultant with Chicago Consulting Group’s Travel and Tourism practice and as a marketing analyst with Quest Airlines. She holds a bachelors degree in marketing from the University of Georgia (1987) and an MBA from Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management (1992). 8 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOLThis document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 3 rP os t Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 10/19/07 Email Regarding Green’s Performance FROM: â€Å"FRANK DAVIS† TO: â€Å"SHANNON MCDONALD† CC: â€Å"THOMAS GREEN† SENT: FRIDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2007 3:48:32 pM SUBJECT: THOMAS GREEN op yo Since Thomas assumed the position of senior marke t specialist on September 10, 2007, numerous incidents of poor judgment and questionable behavior have concerned me.Thomas and I talked about most of these incidents as they occurred. However, I concluded that we needed to have an overarching discussion about his performance and to develop a strategy for improving his work style. At that meeting, held October 15, 2007, we reviewed a range of problems. Among them: 1. Thomas fails to inform me of his plans and keep me updated on his schedule. 2. He does not follow up when information is requested of him. 3. Thomas’s lack of enthusiasm is troubling.He has a right and an obligation to question aspects of our plans if he finds them illogical or unfeasible, but the kind of negativity he displayed in the Budget Plan meeting on October 8 is dangerous to the organization and unacceptable to me. tC Thomas seemed to accept my criticisms in a thoughtful manner and assured me he will do what is necessary to succeed in his position. He and I plan to discuss his overall performance again in midNovember. Meanwhile, he’ll be expected to take the following corrective measures: Plan to make focused calls when dealing with market specialists, account executives, and clients.Have a specific communication strategy going into a call, and have all sales collateral and other necessary materials available. Stop making calls purely for the purpose of meeting people. 2. Update Outlook calendar regularly and always return calls from our office promptly. No 1. 3. Provide feedback to my requests in a timely manner. Thomas says he now recognizes that my requests are not merely â€Å"reminders†; they are a call for information that I genuinely need. 4. Demonstrate a more positive attitude both inside and outside the company. Do Frank R. DavisTravel and Hospitality Marketing Director Dynamic Displays 212-314-1420 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinna h Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 9 Exhibit 4 1/30/08 Email Regarding Green’s Performance rP os t 2095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis FROM: â€Å"FRANK DAVIS† TO: â€Å"SHANNON MCDONALD† SENT: WEDNESDAY, January 30, 2008 4:28:12 pM SUBJECT: THOMAS GREEN op yoOn October 19, 2007, I sent you an email communicating my concerns with Thomas’s attitude and job performance. On January 28, 2008, Thomas and I had another meeting on this subject. I would like to summarize that conversation. Thomas wastes a great deal of time complaining about the problems of selling to our current and prospective clients and far too little time developing strategic marketing approaches and effective sales tactics. I informed him that his job is to sell the accounts, not to agree with our clients’ assertions about alleged disadvantages of our products or the current excess capacity in the industry.I told Thomas his lack of effort and enthusiasm are not consistent with the standards of Dynamic Displays and could lead to an outcome he likely would not find pleasant. Thomas then said he felt I was micromanaging his activities. It was here that I think we uncovered the root of the problem. I inquired as to what new or even slightly imaginative marketing approaches he documented in the past five months. His answer was, â€Å"None that are documented. † When I see no new targets and no thoughtful, creative marketing, I feel I must micromanage, and I communicated this to Thomas. tCI then pulled up several Power Point presentations, spreadsheet models, and associated emails that Michelle Jones, the Western Region senior market specialist, had used to shape her region’s strategy and to support their selling efforts. As we paged through her work, Thomas stated that all those email updates and fancy presentations and models were â€Å"political† and didn’t match up well with his personal approach to selling. I told him this was not only good politics, but also proved to his boss that he was working effectively. No Thomas ultimately conceded the mistakes and personal shortcomings that I explained to him..He pledged to develop creative marketing approaches and keep me updated on his progress. I hope these promises materialize in the next 30 days. If not, I recommend we part ways with Thomas Green and quickly seek out a competent replacement for this extremely important position. Do Frank R. Davis Travel and Hospitality Marketing Director Dynamic Displays 212-314-1420 10 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] arvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 5 2/5/08 Email from McDonald to Green rP os t Thomas Gr een: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 FROM: â€Å"SHANNON MCDONALD† TO: â€Å"THOMAS GREEN† CC: â€Å"FRANK DAVIS† SENT: TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2008 8:38:53 AM SUBJECT: PERFORMANCE op yo Frank Davis has explained to me his point of view on your performance. I think all of us want to improve the current situation, which is regrettable. At this point I would like to get your perspective on your recent performance and to understand your ideas about specific areas that need improvement.I look forward to resolving this issue ASAP. I would be glad to discuss this matter with you in detail, but first I would like to receive your statement in writing. Do No tC Shannon A. McDonald Travel and Hospitality Group Vice-President Dynamic Displays 212-314-1415 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [e mail  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 11

Book Will Always Exist

Nevertheless nowadays it’s as easy as abc to read a book through computer, mobile phone or a special e-books reader. Major IT corporations raise competition for the invention of the most modern and convenient devise helping people among other options to read e-books. One of the advantages of e-books is that you can download it to your mobile phone, for example. Consequently there’s no need to take a heavy thick book with you anymore. Additionally some internet sources give the possibility to download files for free. You don’t go shopping, just to click on an icon. Hence, you simultaneously save your money and time – the most vital things in life. With the appearance of I-Pads, thin and light, more people change from paper books to this new handy gadget. However in spite of the variety of technical devises for reading, in my opinion, books will always exist. There is a large group of people who prefer simple paper to any modern equipment. Some people like the feel and the smell of paper. From my point of view that’s because paper is a natural material, produced from wood. Megapolis citizens often suffer from the lack of nature in the world of electronics and technology. Likewise when I think of myself recharging my batteries after a hard working day I imagine myself lying on a cosy sofa reading a thrilling book, a real paper book. I’d hazard a guess that I’m not the only one for whom a book may be associated with comfort and relax. That’s why it’s so pleasant to hold a book, turn its pages and feel yourself enjoying the atmosphere. Book Will Always Exist Nevertheless nowadays it’s as easy as abc to read a book through computer, mobile phone or a special e-books reader. Major IT corporations raise competition for the invention of the most modern and convenient devise helping people among other options to read e-books. One of the advantages of e-books is that you can download it to your mobile phone, for example. Consequently there’s no need to take a heavy thick book with you anymore. Additionally some internet sources give the possibility to download files for free. You don’t go shopping, just to click on an icon. Hence, you simultaneously save your money and time – the most vital things in life. With the appearance of I-Pads, thin and light, more people change from paper books to this new handy gadget. However in spite of the variety of technical devises for reading, in my opinion, books will always exist. There is a large group of people who prefer simple paper to any modern equipment. Some people like the feel and the smell of paper. From my point of view that’s because paper is a natural material, produced from wood. Megapolis citizens often suffer from the lack of nature in the world of electronics and technology. Likewise when I think of myself recharging my batteries after a hard working day I imagine myself lying on a cosy sofa reading a thrilling book, a real paper book. I’d hazard a guess that I’m not the only one for whom a book may be associated with comfort and relax. That’s why it’s so pleasant to hold a book, turn its pages and feel yourself enjoying the atmosphere.

Doctors without borders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Doctors without borders - Essay Example Having gone through the worst of what could happen to human lives during war and crisis, a select number of doctors from France destined themselves to serve the humanity all over the world, providing people in trouble with help and care. And thus, began the inception of â€Å"Doctors without Borders†. Having sown the seeds for this organization in 1971, the organization otherwise called as, â€Å"Me’decins sans Frontiers â€Å", spread its roots across several countries and eventually turned to be huge organization, operating in nearly 60 countries over the world. What has made this organization to be a special one is that the voluntary members of the organization act as a team, called as the multi-purpose team, helping out people who are affected by war, natural disasters and other atrocities of the world. Their privatised method of working has allowed them to perform hassle free operations, without the interruption of the government and politics. In addition, they h ave emancipated themselves under the international humanitarian laws and, because of their service to humanity their voice in public has grown louder every day. As a result, their global presence has vehemently forced the public to become aware of any atrocities happening across the world and protest against them. (Bortolotti 2004) Currently, with the growing innovations across several fields and the never ending race of nations to achieve supremacy, an organization like â€Å"Doctors without Borders† is the need of the hour. Their eccentric leadership has promoted people to join the organization and act selflessly in providing help to communities, even before they could plead for it. They are continuing to be an inspiration to many in this economic centric world of ours. As a result of their continuous contribution to the society, the organization was awarded the Nobel peace prize, during the year 1999, in the category â€Å"pioneering humanitarian

In consultation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In consultation - Case Study Example The negotiating parties may discuss the consequences of the contract in detail before signing the final written contract. But these verbally discussed things will be legally valid only if it is included in the final written agreement. â€Å"The parol evidence rule applies to integrated contracts and provides that when parties put their agreement in writing, all prior and contemporaneous oral or written agreements merge in the writing† (Parol Evidence). In future, both the parties can deny the verbal offers made before the agreement if it is not included in the final written agreement. In the given case, Air phone Mobile service representative verbally assured Marvin that his company would take responsibility if any of its customers became sick from its phones. At the same time he refused to delete the clause included in the written agreement which states clearly that Air phone has no liability out of the sickness caused by its mobile phone use. In short, the parol evidence and written agreement are not contradictory in clauses and in future disputes the court will consider only the written agreement. FDA recommends the usage of hands free while using cell phones (West). In order to protect his employees, Marvin can ask them to use hands free along with the mobiles. Hands free allow the mobile users to keep the mobile phones in a distance from the body while making or receiving calls. Mobile phones cause health problems only when it comes closer to the body while in operation. Radiations from the mobile phones will be hyperactive when it is in use and hands free can prevent such radiations from striking our body. Marvin can also ask his employees to use text messages more frequently whenever possible. Text messages can prevent the employees from keeping the phone near to the head. Such messages can cause little damages to the employees. He can also advice his employees to bring the phone near to the ear only after the person at the other

Chemical catalyst Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chemical catalyst - Essay Example Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for their work on â€Å"palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" which in itself is evidence strong enough to validate the significance of catalysis in the fields of modern science, and particularly in industrial processes. Around 9 billion US Dollars defines the volume of the recent market for catalysts in the Global markets. (Dautzenberg, 2002). ‘Catalysis’ is defined as a phenomenon and ‘catalyst’ is the substance which is responsible for that phenomenon. A Catalyst is a substance which can usually rev up the rate of a chemical reaction but remains unaltered itself (physically and chemically) after the reaction. Sometimes particular substances can also slow down the rate of a chemical reaction. Such type of substances are known as inhibitors (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2011). According to the involvement in the phases, i.e., state of aggregation, catalysts are divided into three broad categories- (i) homogeneous catalyst (ii) heterogeneous catalyst and (iii) biocatalyst [Cavani &Feruccio, 1997; Hagen, 2006]. As the name suggests, homogeneous catalyst implies to the situation where the substrate and the catalyst are in the similar phase (gas or liquid). A very common example of a homogeneous catalysis is the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon- di-oxide catalyzed by nitric oxide where both the substrate and catalyst are in gaseous phase. The fundamental advantages of homogeneous catalysis are that this type of catalysis is atom economic in respect to the other catalysis processes and additionally has higher selectivity in producing the desired product for its milder reaction condition. However, there are disadvantages associated with homogeneous catalysis as well. The problematic regarding homogeneous catalysis is the work up procedure of the reaction . The procedure for catalysis recovery is expensive, there is always a problem of waste management and above all a fair chance of

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 41

Art - Essay Example This blackboard is painted in black with some writings inside, and this creates attention to the viewer. On the left side below the blackboard is a chair, which seems to have been used in the ancient times. The chair is well decorated and design in a manner that creates attention to the viewer. On the right side is a cupboard and near to it is woman standing near to the cupboard. Additionally, on the forefront of the cupboard is a woman wearing a blue dress, which is not actually a dress but a painting decorated on the body; thus making it appear like a blue dress. The blue color offers the impression of hope, honesty and loyalty to the viewer. It also exhibit inner sanctuary and confidence; thus communicates or creates to the viewer the sense of calmness and peace. Down to the legs of the woman is a black painting, which appears like black shoes that she is wearing. The black color of these shoes communicates to the viewer about the power and authority. The black color can also imply submission because some experts argue that when a woman is wearing a black garment or shoes, the black to them implies submission to a man. The second art work which is written Sara Lighting is another artistic feature, which offers varied impressions to the viewer. First, the wall where the words are written has a smooth surface which glitters. In the middle of the wall is word written in block letters ‘Sara Lightening’ and immediately other words follows, which is ‘Courtney, Waiting Room, 2012, oil on canvas. This style of writing letters in block letters in the typography way is the core component of the design. Thus, it offers the reader or the viewer an insight or understanding the heritage behind the art work. It is one way through which the artists pass information to the viewers; thus making them to have a feeling of knowing more about what is inside the room. Axel and Nina (230) argue that one way of describing the technique of the

Civil Right Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civil Right Movement - Essay Example They were the oppressed group as they were denied the equal rights and opportunities as white people. The end of World War II set a new tone for civil rights movement. The movement got prominence when in 1954 Supreme Court of US gave a landmark judgment in Brown vs. Board of Education case. In this judgment, Supreme Court declared racial segregation in school totally illegal and a punishable crime (Brown vs. Board of Education). Finally, the Civil Right Act of 1964 put an end to all discrimination that African Americans were suffering from since centuries. The Act eliminated obstacles that persisted for centuries preventing development of African-Americans. Over 45 years have passed since then; the status of African Americans when seen in the above perspective has improved a lot. Now they have not only equal voting rights to elect the government but they can also occupy any office in the US by their sheer ability. The segregation episodes that their children faced in the schools have been now buried deep into history books. They share all public places with equal rights. They can enter into any professions without any restriction depending upon their interest and ability. It is not surprising that African Americans have excelled in sports, politics, business and hosts of other activities. Their contribution in the US mainstreams reached to its pinnacle when an African American reached to the highest office of US in 2009. Several well-known figures such as Tiger Woods, Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jordan sprung into limelight in the post-civil movement era. Boxer Muhammad Ali, tennis star Arthur Ash, Michael Jordan in basketball, athlete Carl Lewis are some of the prominent names that have excelled in sporting activities after the end of Civil Right movement. Condoleezza Rice and Colin Powell became Secretary of State and many large cities such as Chicago, Los Angeles, New York have had mayors from African American community. Barack Obama occupying the highest office in US is a veritable testimony to the genuine change process that has taken place in the last few decades in the country giving equal opportunity, status and privilege to the African Americans as enjoyed by others. The law has given them equal rights and opportunities in all walks of life; this certainly proves that the status of African American has improved significantly since the end of the Civil Rights Movement. Answer 2. The US Law has taken its course giving African American full rights and opportunities but the African American community still faces numerous issues and challenges in the US society. Cedric Herring argues that African Americans still face job discriminations in the US. Giving an example of Texaco, the author states that the companies systemically deny promotions to the members of African American community. The New York Times produced evidence that how several Texaco Executives referred them as 'black jelly beans' and 'niggers' in their mutual conversations. Fi nally, Texaco admitted having excluded all black employees’ names from the list of next level promotions. Later, Texaco had to settle the case by paying $176 million in the largest ever discrimination suit seen in the US. Before 1964, discrimination to the African American community was overt but in the post civil rights movement era it has taken a covert route. Before 1964, no laws questioned the

Competitive Strategies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Competitive Strategies - Case Study Example Strategy can moderate the link between competitive environment and the decision to adopt TC. So, the choice if to adopt TC often depends on firm's strategy. "The competitive strategy (1) a corporation chooses to pursue identifies the manner with which management intends to compete successfully in its product markets and provide superior value to customers" (Susman 1992, p. 114). The firm's competitive environment affects its capacity to implement a defiinite strategy productively. "For example, a low-cost provider strategy works best when price competition among rival firms is especially intense and when the industry's product is standardized. Alternative competitive forces allow a product differentiation strategy to be effective. Examples include diverse needs or uses for the item or service, or relatively few competitors pursuing a similar differentiation approach" (Wolburg 2003, p. 340). The firm's planned vision is put into action by means of different tools, methods, and corporate policies. One such tool that is being adopted by firms all opver the world is the cost management system of TC. As Trebilcock et al. (1990) explain, the link between a firm's competitive strategy and use of TC exists primarily because TC provides the means for achieving the firm's goals of satisfying market demands at an acceptable level of profitability. A TC system provides a means for managing a company's future profits by integrating strategic variables to simultaneously plan how to satisfy customers, capture market share, generate profits, and plan and control costs (Kean, 1998, p. 47). Several large international corporations have been identified as TC adopters, including Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola; however, U.S. companies have been slower to adopt the technique. Reasons for this include TC being "not well known in Corporate America" and the existence of both cultural and organizational barriers to developing a broad team-oriented strategy TC requires (Hope & Maeleng, 1998, p. 130). The concept of TC ("Genkakikaku" in Japanese) originated in Japan at Toyota Motor Corporation in the 1960s. Since that time it has become recognized as a dynamic, comprehensive system for cost reduction and strategic profit planning. TC is not a costing system such as activity-based costing (ABC) or absorption costing. Rather, it is a program aimed at reducing the life-cycle costs of new products, while ensuring customer requirements of quality and reliability are met. "For controlling costs of new products, TC takes place at the design stage of new product development and considers all ideas for cost reduction during the product planning and research and development process" (Eckhouse 1999, p. 218). Several researchers (e.g., Covin & Morgan, 1999, p. 47) have noted changes in current economic and competitive conditions that create a need for a market-oriented cost management system. External powerful factors that have led to this need involve a growing number of competitors, high standards of competitors, globalization in the present economic situation, aggressive price competition, and shorter product life cycles. Coupled with a high rate of technology diffusion and innovation, these factors indicate the market must accept new products at a price that will generate an acceptable rate of return to the company. Thus, processes must be efficient, effective, and optimized to produce the

Automobile and Swot Analysis Essay Example for Free

Automobile and Swot Analysis Essay 1. Introduction This report is based on the company Mercedes Benz, and the chosen country is Singapore. The purpose of the report is to conduct an environmental and marketing analysis of Mercedes Benz in Singapore. Firstly, this report will state the company background. Next, it will state the country background. Thirdly, it will state the SWOT analysis. Fourthly, it will state the PEST analysis. After that, it will state the marketing strategy, new product development, and lastly the conclusion. Company background Mercedes-Benz is a German car company, some sort of multinational department from the German company Daimler AG. The company is used intended for high-class motor vehicles, buses, motor coachs, as well as vehicles. The particular brand made an appearance in 1926 within Daimler-Benz yet history the sources to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschafts 1901 Mercedes and to Karl Benzs 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, which is commonly viewed as the first car. Mercedes-Benzs slogan is Das Beste oder nichts (English: The best or nothing). Mercedes-Benz is just about the most commonly known as well as set up car makes in the world, which is on the list of the worlds oldest car company nevertheless around the world today in 2014,possessing the first petrol-powered vehicle. Country background Singapore is an affluent island nation, positioned in Southeast Asia within the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. The occupants of Singapore delight in one of the maximum standards associated on earth, with each capita GDP adequate to in which from the top international locations within American The european union. The particular economy would depend intensely upon exports, and the nation houses one of the busiest ports on earth. 2. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is part of strategic planning. The SWOT analysis helps organizations assess issues within and outside the organization. The SWOT analysis, made up of an assessment of strengths, weaknesses, external opportunities and threats from competition, provides an outline for strategic decision-making Table 1 From the table above it is seen that strong brand value measures that Mercedes is considered as a premium brand, such as BMW, Porsche, Audi and etc. There is no exception that Mercedes will stay in premium segment for a very long time. Almost all the rich and old people prefer this particular car brand. Also, this company has an advantage over their competitors as increasing production hybrid cars because of environmental friendly and Ð µÃ'€Ã'Æ' exact number of miles driven. To produce high quality cars and hire well – educated employees makes production expensive. That is why Mercedes is interested in upper class people who are able to buy such a car. It makes the brand attractive investment for people with high income (upper class). PEST analysis Originally known as PEST Analysis, this is a macro environmental framework used to understand the impact of the external factors on the organization and is used as strategic analytical technique. Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Strong brand value High price cost Fast – growing company Government policy Leader in innovation Expensive service New products and services Increasing in competition High level safety of cars High fuel consumption Developing hybrid cars Decrease in demand Investment. Stereotype that this car is for the rich people Fuel price rises Rising price of raw material High quality It is hard to find manual transmission in such a car Positive attitude towards â€Å"green† vehicles Unexpected problems A PEST analysis is looks at how those external factors can affect a businesss activities and performance, and it can be used in combination with other tools. It helps to determine an organizations overall outlook for success. Political Economic Socio – Cultural Technological Bureaucratic Interest rates Fast – growing society Modern technology Stable government law system High income level Diversity of cultures WI-FI zones Taxation system. High power of the local currency Variety of language cultures Automation of work Law level of corruption Low level of economic freedom (-2) Most of the people are in advanced age Production of high quality medical equipment Foreigners investment Trade freedom Prevalence of upper class Investment in technology Table 2 From the table above let us take 3 characteristics for discussion. Firstly, high income of Singapore measures that Mercedes – Benz is one of the most suitable brands for upper class. It is considered, that Mercedes – Benz is a car which is suitable for old population, especially for men. Therefore, this car brand has a priority to take Singapore as a sales leader in the adult audience because of the prevalence of old population. Diversity of cultures of the populations shows that every single nation has different understanding of car design. That is why this brand can offers cars such as â€Å"family car† like Sedan (C – class) to â€Å"celebrity car† as Crossovers (G – class) with the newest and technology to their customers. 1) Franki Colbert (n. d). Definition of a SWOT Analysis. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness. chron. com/definition-swot-analysis-43274. html 2) Russ Heaps (n. d) 10 most expensive cars to own and drive. Retrieved from: http://www. bankrate. com/finance/auto/10-most-expensive-cars-to- own-and-drive-1. aspx 3) Chad Brooks (2013, November 22). PEST Analysis: Definition, Examples Templates. Retrieved from http://www. businessnewsdaily. com/5512-pest-analysis-definition- examples-templates. html 4) Abha Pandey (2011, 26 September). What is PESTLE Analysis? Retrieved from: http://bpmgeek. com/blog/what-pestle-analysis 5) Leading through innovation (n. d/ n. a) http://www. mbusa. com/mercedes/benz/innovation.

Key Challenges Faced By The Bpo Industry Management Essay

Key Challenges Faced By The Bpo Industry Management Essay Peter Drucker says innovation is a change that creates a new dimension of performance. In todays business world, competition has become fierce and sophisticated. Companies worldwide are striving hard to operate as efficiently as possible and pass on the savings to the end consumers, in a bid to stay ahead of the competition. In the process, many companies are forced to innovate to come up with ways to reduce costs, increase efficiency and identify differentiators not only for their own organizations but also for their customer organizations. In the midst of this dog eats dog global competition, customers are true beneficiaries by demanding additional value, process innovation and business transformation from suppliers. In todays dynamic world, innovation is the hallmark of a competitive and leading organization. With attrition rates and competition in the BPO and ITES sectors rampant, innovation is the logical solution to stem the rot of this exodus and surge ahead of competition. Innovation, however, is not only about discoveries or new inventions; it is a concerted initiative to implement new ideas and methods of doing business to increase the overall efficacy of results (read topline and bottomline).   Innovation in BPO and ITES sectors is now picking up after companies have woken up to the fact that innovation is indispensable for survival and also in creating a competitive edge. Innovation occurs not randomly or accidentally but when there is a proper system/structure in place to encourage it. Any business is the sum total of its capabilities, which may differ from person to person. Nourishing innovation involves understanding the various capabilities in an organization and harnessing them to the best of its ability. These capabilities include: Differentiating capabilities an organizations primary assets that describes its special nature and the real differentiating factor Core capabilities those that are critical to the organizations survival, but may not necessarily help in differentiation Support capabilities those that support the organizations core capabilities and foster them. This paper aims to analyse innovation in the Indian ITES industry, success thereof and the focus needed to excel in the space. In particular, the organozation I was working for was suffering from all the symptoms mentioned in the report. Key Challenges faced by the BPO industry today and ways to fight it Flight to Scale Galloping Manpower Costs Increasing investments in Infrastructure Customer Retention Customer Acquisition People Retention To face these challenges, BPOs are forced to innovate and differentiate themselves in the market place. There are various types of innovation that a BPO can resort to: Business Model Innovation Services/Markets innovation Operations Innovation Business Model Innovation would mean changing the structure of doing business or even changing the billing model. From an hourly billing rate or transaction based billing organizations are now looking at outcome based financial models and sharing the risk and reward with the customer. Services/Markets Innovation would mean targeting entirely new markets based on new or existing offerings. BPOs can also innovate by coming up with entirely a new range of services. For example, many organizations are now talking about platform Platform BPO is about providing Business Processing services using a domain rich vertical or horizontal application (platform). Good examples for Horizontal application would be FA, CRM etc. There are innumerable vertical platforms. Some examples are Mortgage Processing, Collection Management, Insurance Benefits Administration, Policy Administration, Claims Processing and the list goes on. The purpose of the platform is to give credibility to the BPO providers capability. Operations Innovation aims at providing operational excellence with new offerings. Organizations are increasingly investing in analytics to provide the client insights into the way business is conducted and identifying areas of improvement. In one sense, it is akin to consulting services. Other forms of innovation could be in the areas of employee practices and investments in new technology. This is a significant change, which is true also of what is happening in IT and has a remarkable parallel with the transformation and rise of Japan in the post-war period. The transformation first occurs in transiting from cost advantage (wage arbitrage) to quality. Then comes the stage where quality is taken for granted, like hygiene, and clients start demanding innovation as a matter of course. Indian BPO as also IT is here right now and the ability of Indian players to innovate, in which they are still beginners, will determine their future.   A few examples of innovative players to help employee retention Intelenet Global Services, one of the leading BPO companies in India and rated among top-10 by NASSCOM, offering BPO and technology consulting services to clients in various sectors across the globe, has capitalized on its capabilities through employee innovation practices. To eliminate the boredom of the employees and keep them motivated to give their best for continuous value-addition to their clients, it offers its employees three career paths in the form of vertical growth, horizontal growth, and shift to parent company. While 70% of promotions in the organization are internal, only 30% is external. After 2 years of service, if an employee doesnt want to be a team leader (vertical growth), but desires to get into HR or training or other areas, he is allowed to shift diagonally across functions. Moreover, if someone who has worked for 2 years wants to move from nightshift to dayshift, then he is given first preference, subject to a vacancy in the parent company. Intelenet has spon sored offshore domain specialization training programmes for its employees, besides certification programs such as Train the Trainer. It has sent its employees to participate in seminars and conferences of top management institutes and also got them Customer Operations Performance Centre (COPC) certified. Similarly, Prudential Process Management Services (PPMS), the wholly-owned BPO subsidiary of Prudential UK, also offers vertical and lateral growth for its employees, thus enhancing value for its clients as well as employees through employee innovation. eFunds International, a US-based company providing technology solutions in financial risk management and electronic payments, and consultancy services, is creating continuous value for its clients through employee innovation. Whenever an employee joins the organization, he is given a Magic Score Card, which serves as a training passport. eFunds provides its employees training expertise in domain areas and also focuses on leadership skills. Because of its innovation initiatives, eFunds net revenues increased 11% from $532 million in 2003 to $552 million in 2004. Infowavz, another BPO company, offers a 1-year Management Development Program for fresh employees who join the company after completing their MBAs. It also offers an Accelerated Career Development programme for highly motivated and self-driven employees who look for continuous challenges and opportunities to maximize their potential. It has designed a unique Team Innovation programme for top performers who are associated with new projects at the pilot stage or proof-of-concept stage. Infowavz lucidly communicates its career path to employees at the recruitment stage, defining the Key Result Areas, and conducts an exhaustive Training Needs Analysis programme to identify the deficiencies and build employee competencies. There are quite a few BPOs investing on platform technologies to differentiate themselves from competition and also to improve margins. Wipros experience in the outsourcing industry has led to the development of Base, a technology platform that integrates outsourced services with the customers internal business processes and fulfils the following requirements: Flexibility and continuous improvement Control and transparency Complaince Faster time to benefit Accuracy and Quality What it takes to be an innovator A Partnering Attitude. Whats key here is a strong, long-term relationship between the two organizations. Both organizations must discourage adversarial, us-versus-them attitudes. If the provider fails, the client failsand vice versa. This is not about warm, fuzzy feelings; it is about clarifying synergies between the two organizations during the RFP cycle and ensuring alignment of interest just like in joint ventures. The Right Technology Platform. IT should support innovation. The technology platform provider must be able to make new technologies available quickly through the provider. This requires close collaboration between the BPO provider and the technology vendornot just marketing agreements. Also, buyers should select technology vendors with a demonstrated track record in bringing innovations to market over extended periods of time. BPO is long term; it is an innovation marathon, not a sprint. The Appropriate Governance Mechanisms. Buyers must ingrain innovation in their governance. That includes creation of an innovation and technology council with members from both buyer and supplier who meet regularly to review progress, ensure the technology evolves, and check the benchmarks at regular intervals to identify where performance falls behind. And technology evolution must push innovation efficiently, meaning integration is easy because the platform conforms to standards. Buyers can insure their tech platform does this using proactive oversight and agreed-upon standards. Standardized Process Redesign and Related Technology. Buyers need to limit their customization demands whenever they can. If buyers want innovation, the service delivery economics must work for the supplier. Suppliers that make money can afford to bring in innovation. This often becomes tricky because both buyer and supplier have to clearly understand the cost structure of the service delivery. A provider forced to accept a service delivery model that does not harness economies of scale, process optimization, or access to labour arbitrage is never going to be able to innovate, and customers forcing BPO providers to tweak their offerings may inadvertently kill the very root of the economic advantage suppliers are supposed to bring to the table. Better discussions about standardization pains and gains must happen between the client and the provider organization. Absolute top management commitment. No innovation can happen without top management commitment for both human and capital resources. This is very important because when investing in innovation sometimes results are not immediate. The senior management must have the vision and patience to reap the benefits. Conclusion Innovation in the BPO space continues to be a challenge for the following reasons: BPOs are normally under margin pressures and resource commitments for innovation are difficult to make. The SLAs are very stringent and time bound. Moreover daily performance could affect the commercials in a big way. This is because organizations see this as a window to reach out to their customers and a slip here would directly affect their customer satisfaction. Hence contracts are very tight and normally followed to the dot. This leaves very little room for innovation. Running the operations everyday is a struggle in itself People related issues are much higher when compared to the sister industry Information technology. The work hours are odd and the compensation less. This means a good amount of time being spent of motivational issues and coaching and training. Due to all these reasons, innovation in the BPO space continues to be a challenge. But in future as competition stiffens and the line between IT and ITES fades, there is a good chance that the scene gets better, including the organization I was working for.

Oxygen Essay -- essays research papers

Oxygen Oxygen, symbol O, colorless, odorless, tasteless, slightly magnetic gaseous element. On earth, oxygen is more abundant than any other element. Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by the British chemist Joseph Priestley and, independently, by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele; it was shown to be an elemental gas by the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier in his classic experiments on combustion. Large amounts of oxygen are used in high-temperature welding torches, in which a mixture of oxygen and another gas produces a flame of much higher temperature than is obtained by burning gases in air. Oxygen is administered to patients whose breathing is impaired and also to people in aircraft flying at high altitudes, where the poor oxygen concentration cannot support normal respiration. Oxygen-enriched air is used in open-hearth furnaces for steel manufacture. Most of the oxygen produced in the United States is used to make a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called synthesis gas, used for the synthesis of methanol and ammonia. High-purity oxygen is used also in the metal- fabrication industries; in liquid form it is of great importance as a propellant for guided missiles and rockets2. I have chosen the element "Oxygen" because without Oxygen, human beings would not be able to live. Oxygen is probably the single most important element...

Wolves Essay -- essays research papers

Wolves The wolf was once a much slandered animal. In the western world, people feared and hated wolves, and this legacy is reflected in stories such as Little Red Riding Hood and The Boy Who Cried Wolf. In these popular children's tales the wolf is made out to be a prowler and a killer of livestock and people. There is some basis for The Boy Who Cried Wolf, for wolves have killed cattle and sheep. But what of Little Red Riding Hood? There are no records of wolves killing humans in Canada or the United States. Yet, when wolves were spotted near rural communities, fear used to grip the populace, but over time this has become less prevalent. Today, many people know that scientists studying wolves have lived very close to dens where there were pups without being attacked. They have even taken pups from a den without being injured. The parents have usually run away, returning later to take their young to a more private den or to a rendezvous site (a place where the pack meets). In areas where wolves are hunted or trapped they fear people and are very wary. However, in remote places, such as in the Canadian Arctic, they show little fear and will often allow people to live near them. Two hundred years ago, Canis lupus, also known as gray wolves, were more widely distributed than any other mammal of historic times. They lived in large areas of North America, Europe, and Asia; the only places they could not occupy were deserts, tropical rain forests, and peaks of the highest mountain ranges. Wolves still live in large areas of the northern hemisphere; however, their primitive range has been greatly reduced due to changes in the landscape and people's efforts to exterminate them. In North America, wolves have been exterminated in the Atlantic provinces, Mexico, the United States (except Minnesota, Alaska, and some of the western states), and the heavily populated areas of southern Canada. They are still common in lightly settled portions of Canada from Labrador to British Columbia and in the Yukon and Northwest Territories. The red wolf was once common in the southeastern United States. It has been eliminated in the wild. However, through a captive breeding program, the species is being reintroduced into its former range. It is virtually impossible to describe the typical appearance of wolves. Wolves of many large arctic islands and Greenland usually appear sn... ...ibou numbers decline. Wolves have already been exterminated in many places. However, there may be less danger of such excesses in the future, as wolf control is increasingly based on biology rather than emotion. There is now a greater awareness among people that the killing by wolves of deer and other prey species, which we may want for ourselves, is not a sufficient reason for the extermination of wolves. Sometimes populations of game animals are critically low, so on biological grounds wolf control could be justified; however, control programs are always opposed by ever-increasing urban populations. Proposed wolf culls have become major political issues in many areas in North America. When controls are carried out, they need to be done to meet certain criteria, which are based on sound scientific information and stewardship of wildlife populations. In the wilderness scheme of things wolves play an important role. And from a human point of view, the great interest and value of having this intelligent animal as part of our wilderness heritage should be sufficient justification for allowing it to survive in a wide variety of wilderness and semi-wilderness areas all over the world.

Essay --

France is a very large and well-known country. It is one of the largest European countries in land, after Russia and Ukraine. Twenty percent of France’s territory lies outside of Europe, known as â€Å"DOM-TOM.† The European territory of France covers 211,209 square miles. France is also one of the oldest states in Europe, founded in 843. French is the official language of England as well as 300 other countries. It is spoken by 270 million people worldwide. France has a population of 2.5 million citizens and twenty percent of the citizens live in the Parisian region. Paris, the capital of France, was founded by Celtic tribe, Parisians, and settled around 4,200 BCE. France shares borders with several other countries. Those countries include Belgium, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco, Spain, and Andorra. France is 15,782 feet above sea level. The highest point is in Western Europe, Mont Blanc, between France and Italy. The lowest point is Rhà ´ne river delta, measuring only two meters above sea level. The Rhà ´ne is one of the major rivers of Europe, measuring 505 miles, starting in Switzerland and running through southeastern France. Near its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, the river divides into two branches, the Great Rhà ´ne and the Petit or Little Rhà ´ne. Some other river systems including Seine, Loire, and Garonne, divide the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Western France’s climate consists of a high amount of rainfall, mild winters, and cool to warm summers. The climate of inland France tends to be more continental with hot, stormy summers, colder winters and less rain. Some natural hazards in France include flooding, avalanches, windstorms, droughts, forest fires, and e... ...e’s most popular theme park is Disneyland Paris, with fifteen million visitors. Disneyland Paris was the second Disney park to open outside of United States, after Tokyo Disney Resort. Another tourist attraction is Europe’s oldest functional canal, Canal du Midi. The canal was built from 1666 through 1681 and is 150 miles long. It has sixty-three locks, 126 bridges, seven canal bridges, and one tunnel. France’s major transportation is rivers. Overall France has twenty-four rivers that add up to 300km in length. In addition to rivers, railway is also major way of transportation in France. There is a total of 40,300 miles of railway, mostly operated by SNCF, the French national railway company. The trains can travel up to 199 miles per hour. France also has 475 airports. The most popular airport is Charles de Gaulle Airport, located in the vicinity of Paris.

How Japan is Contributing to Globalization Essay

Globalization is one of the most important aspects of modern society affecting all spheres of life. Globalization involves public life, politics, economy, culture and social development. Globalization and the initiation of new technologies have significantly changed the way business, government and society are organized. Japan’s presence has loomed large in the Asia-Pacific region after World War II. Population density and geographic isolation are the two crucial factors that cannot be overstated when discussing Japan. Most of Japan’s land area is mountainous; and therefore, the residential area represents only 3%, and the industrial area is only 1. 4 %. However, Japan still generates an astounding 14% of the world’s GNP (Harukiyo, Hook, 2001). One of the key driving forces behind these changes is a new business model. Japan has made a great contribution to globalization process being a political and economic leader in the Asia-Pacific region. To be successful in global competition, firms become a triad power, establishing strong competitive position in all three parts. Ohmae (1985) views the world market as being composed of three major parts: the USA, Japan, and Europe. Ohmae (1995) also argues that the key to global success is the deliberate â€Å"insideration† of functional strengths of Japan economic system. He considers â€Å"equidistance† the critical requirement of a global strategy: seeing globally, thinking globally, and acting globally. In this process, Japan plays a core role as an economic and political leader controlling the new emerging order. Ohmae argued that successful global companies had to be equally strong in Japan, Western Europe, and the United States. These three regions, which Ohmae collectively called the Triad, represented the dominant economic centers of the world. Today, fully 75 % of world income as measured by GNP is located in the Triad. Ohmae has revised his view of the world; in the expanded Triad, the Japanese leg encompasses the entire Pacific region; the American leg includes Canada and Mexico; and the boundary in Europe is moving eastward. Acer Inc. provides a perfect illustration of a company with a well-balanced revenue stream; one-third of the company’s sales of computers and related equipment are in Asia, one-third in North America, and another 20 % are in Europe. Japan is responsive to local market conditions. The strategic imperative means the efficient global use of good marketing ideas rather than standardization, and an organization structure which encourages transfer of information from Japan to other countries. Global operations are tailored to maximize efficiency in concept development and effectiveness in local market delivery (Befu, Guichard-Anguis, 2001). Japanese multinational corporations which treat individual country markets separately are likely to disappear and be replaced by global corporations which sell standardized products the same way everywhere in the world. A major source of competitive advantage has become the ability to produce high-quality products at lowest cost, since global consumers will sacrifice their idiosyncratic preferences for the high-quality but low-priced products Globalization and the initiation of new technologies have significantly changed the way business, government and society are organized. One of the key driving forces behind these changes is a new business model. Host government regulations/incentives, as well as other environmental forces, can drive globalization. Similarity of tariff barriers, product standards, marketing regulations, and incentives for foreign direct investment can serve as stimuli for globalization.. Japan places more emphasis on market growth and penetration and in these aspects they were definite leaders. Japan has the benefit of a large domestic market but it appears that they also benefit from their emphasis on improvement in product quality and productivity. According to Yang (1995): â€Å"In Japanese business interactions, voice came as the counterpart of trust. Such participation not only provided information exchange but also moderated the coercive power inherent in the hierarchical command structure† (69). The competitiveness in the globalizing world is based on some of the nation’s sectors, where the companies experienced conditions in their home market that induced them to develop the â€Å"right† competencies to compete internationally. Many economists underline the great influence of Japanese policies on the World Trade Organization, â€Å"governmental subsidization of foreign direct investment, and the integration of Japanese production facilities in East Asia† (Maclachlan, 2004). Technological advances are also considered major drivers of globalization. Japanese technological innovations and leadership in IT industry influence global business and science. Japan plays a crucial role in globalization of automotive and IT industries. Communication and transportation technology makes integrated global operations feasible and desirable. Industries with high technology intensity are particularly conducive to standardized marketing approaches (Yang, 1995). Among market factors which can drive globalization are: emergence of global customers, homogenization of consumer needs and wants, existence of global marketing channels, and transferability of marketing practices. Political leadership allows Japan influence foreign relations and political situation. Following Harukiyo and Hook (2001): â€Å"The period of building another modern Japan: the history of post-war Japan colored by high-speed economic development as well by the shrunken role of Japan in world politics. This feature of post-war Japan can be summarized as the economic giant, political pigmy† (19). From the point of view of some scholars in economic-politics, globalization is the result of the capitalism dominance. Yip (1995) reinforces this idea saying that it is a new capitalism cycle where production has become transnational. To other authors, globalization is related to the increasing obsolescence of the nation-state system (Ohmae, 1995). Ohmae (1995) proposes that the more natural model is the â€Å"region-state†, an economic area defined independently of the national borders. To survive and prosper in the global marketplace, Japanese businesses have responded to the industry imperatives. Japan’s contribution to globalization can be explained as: global market participation; product standardization; concentration of value-adding activities; uniform marketing; and integrative competitive moves. Also, Japan’s global strategy has matched the globalization potential as defined by the cost, market, government, and competitive environments. The strategic imperative of Japan is to concentrate value-added activities to exploit factor cost differentials and extend competitive advantages by coordinating interdependencies among markets. Hence, success demands achieving integration of the firm’s competitive position across markets. Japan has a great influence on cultural and social life of global society. Film industry and animated films influence tastes and preferences of millions of people around the globe. Feature-length animated films and manga (an illustrated publications in comic book format) become a part of the global culture. Japanese food consumption patterns penetrated many Europeans countries and America. Traditional food is influence4d by sophisticated cuisine highly customized to the change of seasons. Modern Japanese cuisine includes many seafood dishes with fresh ingredients (sushi), natto and soy sauce. Over the last 50 years, Japanese food culture becomes global and has been adopted by other cultures. Befu and Guichard-Anguis (2001) call this phenomenon cultural diffusion underlining the role and impact of Japanese cultural norms on the ‘outside’ world. For instance, the popularity and â€Å"the success of contemporary Japanese fine art photography in American art museums and galleries† (131) underline the importance and influence on Japanese culture on global society. The ideas and values of the Japanese people influenced perception of the self and religious values of other nations (Hall, Hall 1990). Morals and traditions of the Japanese culture create a strict, unwritten code of essential rules followed by generations of Americans and Europeans as their personal religion which helps to control social life and social order. Many countries adopted traditional Japanese approaches to management including TQM and Quality Circles are a core philosophy of a firm (Hall and Hall, 1990). Introducing Japanese techniques is proving difficult because it cuts across cultural norms. The entrepreneurial spirit of Japanese firms is encouraged as the tendency for individuals to compete against each other frequently gives rise to the development of new ideas. Employee relations is another sphere of Japanese management principles. Yang (1995) explains that: â€Å"Japanese competition has forced the other advanced national economies to investigate seriously and adopt many of the practices which the Japanese have developed† (69). Key benefits include economies of scale in marketing and production, economies of scope, efficiencies in sourcing and transportation, and synergies in other value-adding activities. The response to competitive challenge is another major driver of globalization. In sum, the differences in economic conditions, national values and culture among nations created different opportunities for the development of industries all over the world. Japan has influenced to the competitive pressure by leveraging its competitive position across markets, and by seeking integrated operations. The basic sphere of impact is the international economic and social system, i. e. global manufacture, national economies and the world market. Japan contributes to globalization through investments, access to quality products and technologies, and reciprocal access to foreign markets and managerial development. Unique philosophy and cultural norms of Japanese are also penetrated into other countries shaping behavior of people and perception of the world. From the perspective of business, interest in globalization centers on two major facets: the globalization of markets and the globalization of production and the supply chain. As a member of many international organizations, Japan determines and influences political and economic relations in the Asia-Pacific region and has a great impact on the world order. References 1. Befu, H. , Guichard-Anguis, S. (2001). Globalizing Japan: Ethnography of the Japanese Presence in Asia, Europe, and America. Routledge. 2. Hall, E. T. , Hall, M. R. (1990). Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese Anchor. 3. Harukiyo, H. , Hook, G. D. (2001). The Political Economy of Japanese Globalization. Routledge.